<p>The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, located in Staunton, Virginia, United States, is an institution for educating deaf and blind children, first established in 1839 by an act of the Virginia General Assembly. The school accepts children aged between 2 and 22 and provides residential accommodation for those students aged 5 and over who live outside a 35-mile radius of the school</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Virginia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind, as it was originally named, was first opened in Staunton by the State of Virginia in 1839. It was fully co-educational from the time of its founding although it only accepted white students. The first superintendent was Joseph D. Tyler, who was paid a salary of $1200 per year. The first teacher hired was named Job Turner, who served the school for 40 years. J. C. M. Merrillat was a native of Bordeaux, France, who served as the first principal of the Blind Department. He became superintendent of both the Deaf and Blind departments in 1852. His nearby residence, the J. C. M. Merrillat House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the school&#39;s Main Hall was used as a hospital by Confederate troops, and several staff members served as doctors or nurses. The school now houses a Deaf History Museum on its grounds.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s the USA Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) required the state of Virginia to come up with a plan to desegregate VSDB and the state school for black deaf and blind students in Hampton, Virginia. The Commonwealth developed a plan to do so in 1974, which was deemed acceptable by HEW.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the General Assembly declared the school independent of the Virginia Department of Education with its own board of visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Blind Department</h2><br>
<p>The Blind Department uses a range of technology to ensure students academic and social development. It teaches the reading and writing of Braille, as well as life and social skills, self-advocacy and mobility skills, alongside traditional academic subjects</p><br>
<p>All staff in the department are specifically trained and licensed by the Virginia Department of Education or other licensing boards tailored to the specific demands of the students.</p><br>
<p>A Summer Enrichment Program is offered to students with varying levels of vision loss. This focuses on Reading and Study Skills, Mathematics and Money Management, Independent Living Skills and Everyday Technology/Signatures. The mornings are spent on these practical and academic areas, while the afternoons are dedicated to enrichment activities.</p><br>
<h2>Deaf Department</h2><br>
<p>The Deaf Department offers a range of vocational and academic subjects to its pupils in order to prepare them for life after the school. It organises a number of work experience placements in the community, giving students specific training in areas of work in which they might be interested.</p><br>
<p>Typical academic subjects including Math, English, USA History, World History, Science and Physical Education are offered for all ages alongside areas more tailored to the students&#39; needs, such as Life Management Skills and Motor Development.</p><br>
<p>A number of professionals are available at the school to provide support for the academic and vocational programs. A Communication Skills Therapist and Behavioral Management Specialist help students development and an Audiologist is on hand to assess and monitor students hearing.</p><br>
<h2>Parent/Infant Outreach Program</h2><br>
<p>A free program is offered by the school to families raising children who are deaf, hard-of-hearing, blind, low-vision or deaf-blind. This includes American Sign Language classes, socialising and networking opportunities and home-based services designed to support and educate families while allowing them some independence.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>The school has an active athletics department and offers a range of sports including soccer, girls volleyball, boys and girls&#39; basketball, goalball and track. The Deaf Department teams, known as the Cardinals, compete in the Mason-Dixon Schools for the Deaf Athletic Association. The Blind Department teams, the Chiefs, compete in the Eastern Athletic Association of the Blind.</p><br>
<p>The school has a Hall of Fame, founded in 1974 by former employee, Rocco DeVito. Its first member was T. Carlton Lewellyn, the first Physical Education director at the school</p><br>
<p>The Cardinals were Mason-Dixon Basketball Tournament Champions in the 1959, 1964 and 1970 seasons. Their football team was undefeated in the 1939, 1954 and 1969 seasons.</p><br>
<h2>Alumni</h2><br>
<p>The school has a very active alumni association, re-founded around 1955. Many alumni are now among the teaching and support staff at the school and an alumni newsletter, the Little Acorn, is produced and distributed four times a year.</p><br>
<h2>Campus consolidation</h2><br>
<p>In June 2008, the two branches of the Virginia School for the Deaf (Staunton and Hampton) were consolidated into one school.</p><br>
<p>High Hartsop Dodd is a fell in the English Lake District, an outlier of the Fairfield group in the Eastern Fells. It stands above Kirkstone Pass on the road from Ullswater to Ambleside.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>High Hartsop Dodd is properly the north eastern ridge of Little Hart Crag, but was given the status of a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells and that convention is followed here. His decision was based on it having "the appearance of an isolated mountain with a peaked summit and steep sides, a very shapely pyramid rising from the green fields."</p><br>
<p>There are three Dodds when viewed from Hartsop, the others being (Low) Hartsop Dodd and Middle Dodd. The names refer to their position in the valley rather than their height. All three present an imposing pyramidal profile when seen from below, totally obscuring their parent fells. Similarly, all three appear entirely derivative when viewed from other angles.</p><br>
<p>From the rocky summit of Little Hart Crag a narrowing ridge descends north eastward on grass. The ground is quite wet and there are areas of peat and sedge. After half a mile of steady fall, the ridge throws up the barely perceptible summit of High Harsop Dodd. Beyond this the character of the fell changes completely and a steep slope plunges straight down to the valley floor.</p><br>
<p>The fell is bounded on either side by valleys of the Ullswater catchment. To the east is the narrow defile of Caiston Glen, falling from the summit of Scandale Pass. This separates the fell from Middle Dodd and its parent Red Screes. On the west is Hogget Gill, a sidestream of picturesque Dovedale. Across here is Stangs, a subsidiary top of Dove Crag. Dovedale and Caiston Glen are both tributaries of Kirkstone Beck, the main feeder of Brothers Water.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Middle Dodd dacite forms the crest of the ridge with the volcaniclastic sandstone of the Esk Pike Formation beneath.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of mining in Caiston Glen, with the mouth of a level opening about halfway up the beck. This was an unsuccessful trial for lead and extends about 80 ft into the fellside. There is a further small working nearby. According to Wainwright High Hartsop Dodd was briefly in the news in 1948 owing to efforts to save two terriers trapped in a hole on the Caiston flank.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of High Hartsop Dodd bears a small cairn at the point where the ridge briefly levels out. The view is not extensive given the high ring of surrounding fells, but many of these are seen in close detail, particularly Dove Crag.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>High Hartsop Dodd is rarely climbed for its own sake, being merely a stop on the road to Little Hart Crag and Dove Crag. From here either Caiston Glen or Dovedale can be circumnavigated along fine high level ridges. The nose of the fell provides the only practicable route, starting from either Kirkstonefoot or Cow Bridge. This is grassy and rather steep.</p><br>
<p>The Old Governors Mansion, also known as Lieutenant Governors Mansion, is located at 420 High Street, Frankfort, Kentucky. It is reputed to be the oldest official executive residence officially still in use in the United States, as the mansion is the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>In 1796, the Kentucky General Assembly appropriated funds to provide a house to accommodate the governor. Construction was completed in 1798. The home barely survived fires and neglect through the years. It has undergone several style changes as evidenced by some Victorian design elements that were added.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion was often referred to as the "Palace" in its early days. Dignitaries including Theodore Roosevelt, Andrew Jackson, Louis-Philippe of France, Henry Clay, William Jennings Bryan and the Marquis de Lafayette have been guests of the Mansion. The last occupants of the mansion were Lieutenant Governor Steve Henry and his wife Heather French Henry. Since Henry, Lieutenant Governors have chosen not to live in the mansion but to maintain residences in their hometowns and travel to Frankfort as needed. Because of this, the mansion has been turned over to the Kentucky Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Both a bricklayer and stonemason who helped build the house, Robert P. Letcher and Thomas Metcalf, later became governors and lived there.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Monte Grande , also known as Monte Vermelho is a mountain in the northern part of the island of Sal in Cape Verde. It is situated 8 km northeast of the island capital Espargos. At 405 m elevation, it is the highest point of the island. It is a protected landscape because of its geological value, its area covers 1,320 ha and the boundaries are 16.569 km long.</p><br>
<p>Two or three track roads connect the mountain. It geology are made up of recent volcanic material, notably with the presence of pillo lavas in the western side. This kind of feature exists on some other islands. Nearby peaks includes Monte Sal (309 m), a small hill formation in the west is Morrinho de Açúcar.</p><br>
<p>The geology consists of the Monte Grande-Pedra Lume formation which consists of olivine nephelite rocks and olivine melilithite rocks, its rocks were formed around 4.5 to 1.06 million years ago.</p><br>
<p>During the Ice Age up to around 10000-9000BC, its elevation was over 500 meters.</p><br>
<p>A species of Arctiid moths known as Eilema aistleitneri are founded in the area, the earliest date of discovery is unknown, they were described in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Herrington Lake is a 2,335 acre artificial lake located in Mercer, Garrard and Boyle counties in Kentucky, United States. The lake was created by Kentucky Utilities&#39; damming of the Dix River, a tributary of the Kentucky River, in 1925 to generate hydroelectric power. With a maximum depth of 249 ft, Herrington Lake is the deepest lake in Kentucky. A short distance below the dam, the Dix River enters the Kentucky River at High Bridge, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Herrington Lake contains many species of fish, including bluegill, catfish, crappie, hybrid striped bass, largemouth bass, spotted bass, and white bass.</p><br>
<p>Dix Dam, the dam that made the lake, was the largest earth-filled dam in the world at the time, and considered to be a major engineering feat. Kentucky Utilities&#39; main dispatch and communication center is located on the site.</p><br>
<p>Moku Manu, or "Bird Island" in the Hawaiian language, is an offshore islet of Oahu, three-quarters of a mile off Mokapu Peninsula. Moku Manu and an adjacent small islet are connected by an underwater dike. The island was formed from debris flung from a vent of the nearby Kailua Volcano. Its highest point is 202 ft high, bordered by near-vertical cliffs on many sides. Moku Manu is protected as a state seabird sanctuary like its neighbors to the south, Manana, Kāohikaipu, and Mōkōlea Rock. Regardless, landing by boat is nearly impossible due to the lack of a safe beach.</p><br>
<p>Moku Manu&#39;s isolated nature makes it an excellent nesting site. Eleven species of seabirds nest on Moku Manu, along with several migrating shorebirds.</p><br>
<p>The Tsauchab is an ephemeral stream in Namibia, in the southern Naukluft Mountains. It is approximately 100 km long, and known especially for the portion in which it flows through the Sesriem Canyon.</p><br>
<p>Since it is in the Namib Desert, the Tsauchab carries water only during the rare times when rain falls in the Naukluft Mountains and runs off, since it cannot seep into the soil fast enough (see flash flood). During these rains, the Tsauchab becomes a rapid-running, strong river within a matter of hours.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the occasional rains, it has over the past two million years carved the Sesriem Canyon, a kilometer (0.6 mile) long and up to 30-meter (100-foot) deep canyon in sedimentary rock. Past the canyon, the Tsauchab flattens and grows broader, and is surrounded by a riparian forest as it slopes towards the Sossusvlei salt pan.</p><br>
<p>Nassfeld Pass  is a 1,530 m mountain pass connecting Hermagor in the Austrian state of Carinthia with Pontebba in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.</p><br>
<p>It is located in the Carnic Alps between the Gail valley in the north and the Italian Canal Valley (Valcanale) in the south. Surrounding peaks include Mt. Gartnerkofel and Mt Trogkofel. On the Austrian side is the Nassfeld ski resort, the largest in Carinthia.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages, Naßfeld Pass was part of an important trade route between the Duchy of Carinthia and the Republic of Venice. It lost its significance with the extension of mountain roads via neighbouring Tarvis and Predil Pass. Several expansion projects were started from the 17th century onwards, however, the present-day highway was not built until 1915 amidst World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian Army urged for a transport route to the Italian Front. Like at nearby Plöcken Pass, Naßfeld saw heavy fighting when Italian Alpini troops tried to push northwards into Carinthia.</p><br>
<p>The Traverse Mountains, or sometimes Traverse Range, are an anomalous, geologically complex, east-trending range that separates Salt Lake Valley and Utah Valley in the USA State of Utah. Point of the Mountain is colloquially used to refer to the part of this range that separates the Salt Lake City and Provo metropolitan areas, as well as the mountain pass at 40&deg;27&prime;13&Prime;N latitude, 111&deg;54&prime;38&Prime;W longitude, used by the highways and rail arteries that connect the two cities. The Traverse Mountains mark the boundary between the Salt Lake and Provo segments of the Wasatch Fault, and they are themselves much faulted and locally involved in landslides. Lake Bonneville once covered Salt Lake and Utah Valleys and shorelines and deposits from the ice age lake are now etched into the flanks of the Traverse Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The eastern section of the range (often called Traverse Mountain), is split up between the cities of Lehi and Draper. The Draper portion contains the Suncrest community, while the Lehi portion contains the Traverse Mountain community. The western section of the range is part of the Camp Williams National Guard Training Site.</p><br>
<p>Two locations on the far west end of the eastern section of the range are Point of the Mountain and Steep Mountain, 6,160 ft, and are used for paragliding and hang gliding.</p><br>
<p>The 1841 Goshen Courthouse is located along Main Street  in the center of Goshen, New York, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It was designed by popular local architect Thornton Niven in a Greek Revival style, meant to be a twin of the one he had already built in Newburgh, which at that time shared seat duties with the larger city.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was used as a courthouse until 1970, when the recently constructed Orange County Government Center made more space available. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is also a contributing property to the Church Park Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Today it houses the archives of the Orange County Genealogical Society.</p><br>
<p>Forest Hills is a part of the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Forest Hills is characterized by hilly terrain and wooded areas within and adjacent to its borders. In general, the area slopes upward from Hyde Park Ave and downward from Walk Hill Street.</p><br>
<p>Forest Hills is primarily residential, although a number of small businesses are located along Hyde Park Avenue. Single family homes predominate south of Walk Hill Street, but triple deckers dominate near the train station. As in the rest of Jamaica Plain, many of the multi-unit houses have been converted into condominiums. Spaced relatively close together, homes are generally well-kept and many have lush gardens, interesting architectural details. A variety of home styles are represented including Arts & Crafts, Cape Cod, Colonial Revival, Queen Anne, Tudor Revival and Victorian. South of Walk Hill Street, Forest Hills is characterized by curving, tree-lined streets laid out in irregular patterns indicative of how the area was thoughtfully transformed from country estates into a streetcar suburb.</p><br>
<p>For much of the 20th century, Forest Hills was home to working-class laborers on the streets adjacent to the train station, and middle-class managers and professionals to the south, with neither public housing nor areas of affluence. In the last generation, this area has become not only racially integrated, but has also undergone a degree of gentrification. These changes have been fueled, in part, by the easy access to Longwood Area, Museum School, Mass Art, Northeastern, and downtown Boston by public transportation.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European known to have settled in Forest Hills was Capt. Joseph Weld (ancestor of former Governor of Massachusetts William Weld), the youngest of three immigrant brothers from England and a veteran of the Pequot War of 1637. For his efforts in that conflict and subsequent negotiations, the leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony awarded him 278 acre untamed in what is now the Forest Hills area of Jamaica Plain.</p><br>
<p>His descendant Col. Eleazer Weld, one of seven Weld family members who fought in the American Revolutionary War, bequeathed some of his land to fellow patriot Benjamin Bussey. His combined area was subsequently willed to Harvard University and become the basis for Arnold Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>In 1845, the Welds sold a large piece of land that would later become the Woodbourne area to William Minot, a fellow Yankee farmer. As the New England economy shifted from an agricultural base to a mercantile base, the Welds divided their land into smaller parcels for elite Bostonian friends and relatives. Some lived here year round; for others it was a rural retreat from Boston’s summer heat and seasonal cholera outbreaks.</p><br>
<p>The Weld family and families to whom they were connected—especially Guild, Minot, Perkins, Olney, Peters and Rodman—were associated with Jamaica Plain for generations. A number of local statesmen were drawn from these families, and many of them became wealthy or famous.</p><br>
<p>Richard Olney built what might be the first tennis court in Boston on what is now Patten Street. George Minot won a Nobel Prize. William Fletcher Weld (whose mother was a Minot) left behind a $20 million dollar fortune. Stephen Minot Weld, Jr. and George H. Perkins were Civil War heroes. Andrew James Peters (who married a Minot), became Mayor of Boston. A previous incarnation of Perkins School for the Blind stood atop Wachusett Street.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the arrival of public transportation brought increasing numbers of working-class people and rich Yankee families abandoned Forest Hills. Some returned to ancestral haunts on Beacon Hill or in Brookline. Others went farther south to Dedham or Westwood or even left the state entirely.</p><br>
<h2>Geographic locale</h2><br>
<h3>Borders</h3><br>
<p>Forest Hills is not an officially designated area of the city nor have its borders been defined. Generally, "Forest Hills" refers to the area immediately surrounding the train station, plus the residential areas on the East side of Hyde Park Avenue extending perhaps as far as Cummins Highway or perhaps only as far as Walk Hill Street.Even the borders of officially designated neighborhoods within the city, such as Jamaica Plain and Roslindale, do not have defined borders and might be (for example) served by the post office of one neighborhood but be listed as part of another neighborhood by a realtor. For example</p><br>
<p>"The Canterbury urban wild area southeast of the Forest Hills Cemetery between Canterbury Street and American Legion Highway has an ambiguous identity. Under various definitions, the Canterbury parcel is a part of Roslindale, Jamaica Plain, and Mattapan."</p><br>
<p>More often, Forest Hills refers to a roughly triangular area lying between Hyde Park Avenue, American Legion Highway and Morton Street, except for those areas separated from the rest by the cemeteries.</p><br>
<p>This triangle is bisected by Walk Hill Street. The blocks south of Walk Hill Street were once regarded as the White City area of Jamaica Plain. Now they are regarded as the Woodbourne area.</p><br>
<h3>Subsections</h3><br>
<h4>White City</h4><br>
<p>In 1914, four apartment buildings covered with light stucco were erected on Hyde Park Ave far South of the train station. The complex was called "White City" in emulation of the Worlds Columbian Exposition a decade earlier. The name was later borrowed by the White City Food Store and the White City Cleansers (sic) on the corner of Hyde Park Ave and Eldridge Road, thus putting the "White City" name on two large signs visible even to those whizzing by on Hyde Park Ave. White City came to be regarded as a section of Forest Hills, but not a separate section of Jamaica Plain. Its borders were seen as Walk Hill Street, Hyde Park Ave and St. Michaels Cemetery. The area now thought of as "Woodbourne" was contained within.</p><br>
<p>White City was not an all-White area of Jamaica Plain. Jamaica Plain was always a diverse section of the City of Boston, as was made obvious by the diversity of Jamaica Plain High School, the most integrated school in the City of Boston in the late 1950s. White City Cleansers was renamed around 2003; its sign was the last prominent reminder of the name that was once given to this section of Jamaica Plain. Racists had tried to link the name, White City, associated with the white stucco apartment buildings, with race. However, white was simply the color of the stucco applied to two buildings on Hyde Park Ave.</p><br>
<h4>Woodbourne</h4><br>
<p>The Woodbourne Historic District is a historic residential subdivision in Forest Hills. It consists of a 30 acre parcel of land southwest of Forest Hills Cemetery, roughly bounded by Walk Hill Street, Goodway Road, and Wachusett Street. This area was developed into house lots between 1890 and 1933 by financier Robert Winsor in an effort to create a sort of utopian community for middle-class families. Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. was responsible for some of its layout.</p><br>
<p>The "bourne" element in streets such as Southbourne and Bournedale is taken from Bourne Street, a road established around 1820. Bourne Street begins at Walk Hill Street across from Forest Hills Cemetery, meanders through a scenic residential area and St. Michael&#39;s cemetery, then comes to an end at Canterbury Street and Mt. Hope Cemetery. The most distinctive homes in this section are designed to resemble gabled English cottages and are situated around a common courtyard. While the means to flatten out this terrain was readily available, developers chose to retain the uneven character of the landscape to preserve a country-like estate feel.</p><br>
<p>Since Woodbourne was designated as a historic district in 1999, homeowners and realtors have begun advertising homes there as belonging to the "Woodbourne area" rather than saying that they are in "Forest Hills". Nevertheless, Woodbourne was designed and advertised with the proximity of the train station in mind, was an integral part of the Roman Catholic parish of St. Andrew the Apostle, and was thought of as part of Forest Hills by its residents throughout the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Parks, cemeteries, and green space</h2><br>
<p>Forest Hills is surrounded by the three final "links" of the Emerald Necklace park system designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in the 19th century: Arnold Arboretum, Arborway and Franklin Park. While teaching on "Schoolmaster&#39;s Hill" in Franklin Park, Ralph Waldo Emerson boarded on Morton Street near present-day Forest Hills Station in the same house used by feminist Margaret Fuller.</p><br>
<p>There is a baseball field at the top of Wachusett Street which is bordered by trees and adjacent to the well-maintained Parkman Playground. There are also small, nameless patches of woodland, such as the one between Patten Street and Eldridge Road.</p><br>
<p>Outcroppings of Roxbury puddingstone dot the landscape, both within the green areas and in unexpected locations, such as the immense lump of puddingstone on Wachusett Street across from the Parkman School.</p><br>
<p>A large portion of Forest Hills is occupied by Forest Hills Cemetery, an active cemetery, also enjoyed as a 275 acre park and arboretum, recognized as one of the finest 19th-century rural cemeteries in the country and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eugene O&#39;Neill, e.e. cummings and William Lloyd Garrison are among the famous people buried here. St. Michael’s Cemetery & Crematory (across Walk Hill Street from the Forest Hills Cemetery) is more contemporary in design. Calvary Cemetery, Mt. Hope Cemetery and New Calvary Cemetery are also large in size and are more contemporary (i.e. level and sparsely wooded) burial grounds that lie on the opposite side of American Legion Highway. Together these cemeteries form a "dead area" that separates Forest Hills from the nearest sections of Mattapan and Roxbury.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<h3>Parkman School</h3><br>
<p>In 1896, the City of Boston acquired an acre of land from Andrew James Peters for a school designed by Charles B. Perkins to be placed at the corner of Wachusett Street and Walk Hill Street. The school was named after Francis Parkman, local scholar whose summer home overlooked Jamaica Pond.</p><br>
<p>Francis Parkman School has housed two city educational programs: the Barton Assessment Center and The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school dedicated to science and mathematics. The later program also occupies space in the Upham Church and school officials are considering expansion into one or more of the properties that comprise St. Andrew&#39;s. In September 2009 the Young Achievers School moved out of the building to a new home in Mattapan and the new Boston Teachers Union (BTU) Pilot school moved into the building.</p><br>
<h3>Seaver School</h3><br>
<p>On the late 1920s, the City of Boston acquired land for a school to be built between Eldridge Road and Northbourne. The city leveled the parcel and built a huge concrete retaining wall in the rear. The red brick building was designed with a Georgian Revival style by John F. Cullen and completed in 1930. Side wings were added the following year.</p><br>
<p>The school was eventually named after Edwin P. Seaver, Superintendent of Schools in Boston from 1880 to 1904. For much of the 20th century, this school provided education for grades K-8, Many local children attended kindergarten here, even those who would later attend St. Andrew&#39;s School from 1st grade and beyond.</p><br>
<p>The Edwin P. Seaver building was sold by the city and turned into condominiums in 1983 by the Finch/Abbey Group and is now one of the largest residential buildings in Forest Hills. The former schoolyards serve as parking for residents.</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<h3>St. Andrew's Parish</h3><br>
<p>St. Andrew the Apostle Church was built by the Archdiocese of Boston in 1918. It stands on the corner of Walk Hill Street and Wachusett Street diagonally across from where the city built the Parkman School some two decades earlier.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, St. Andrew the Apostle School was opened adjacent to the church. A convent next to the school housed the Sisters who staffed it. First it was staffed by the Sisters of the Congregation of Saint Joseph and later by the Sisters of Charity. A rectory next to the church was home to four or more priests at a time. Eventually, a building directly across the street from St. Andrews Church was purchased to serve as a "community hall." By the late 1940s, Forest Hills (on both sides of Walk Hill Street) was predominantly Irish Catholic. Catholics of other ethnic groups (particularly Italians but also French, Poles, Portuguese, Scots and others) were also present but were collectively outnumbered by the Irish. Although small numbers of non-Catholics remained in the area, for the second half of the 20th century, "Forest Hills" and "St. Andrews Parish" were virtually synonymous.</p><br>
<p>The 1970s busing crisis that erupted with violence in Boston neighborhoods such as Dorchester and South Boston had less visible effect in Jamaica Plain parishes such as St. Andrew&#39;s or its neighboring parent church St. Thomas Aquinas near Jamaica Plain Centre. Most White families in Jamaica Plain could afford to send their children to parochial schools, and did. During this time in which Forest Hills was mostly Irish-Catholic, two public schools operated within its borders: the Parkman and the Seaver. Students at these schools were mostly Black and Latino, reflecting the composition of Jamaica Plain as a whole. They travelled back and forth in yellow school buses and there was little interaction between these schools and the all-White residents of the area.</p><br>
<p>A thriving parish for much of the 20th century, St. Andrews suffered a change at the end of the century. The surrounding area became increasingly heterogeneous, ethnically and culturally. Some locals resisted these changes and left the area in the process sometimes called "urban flight", further reducing the number of active parishioners. Another strong factor in the decline of attendance and revenue at St. Andrews was dissatisfaction with the Archdiocese in the wake of the Church sex scandal which came to light at this time. Forest Hills parishioners had particular cause to feel betrayed. John J. Geoghan, one of the most notorious molesters among Catholic clergy, served at St. Andrews from 1974 to 1980 and ran the altar boy program. Patrick McSorley, one of Geoghans most visible accusers, was from this parish.</p><br>
<p>St. Andrews Church closed in 2000, although funeral masses were held there after that date. St. Andrews School closed at the end of school year 2005. Students who had not yet graduated were given the option to attend Sacred Heart School in Roslindale.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, St. Andrews church, school, rectory, and convent were purchased by the Bethel African Methodist Church, a 20-year-old church and longtime owner and occupant of the Parkside Christian School building on nearby Forest Hills Street. In August 2008, Bethel African Methodist Church leased the St. Andrews school building to the MATCH Charter School to launch its new grade 6-8 middle school, and the kindergarten building to the Young Achievers Pilot School to be used as an arts space.</p><br>
<h3>Upham Church</h3><br>
<p>Upham Memorial Church, a small Methodist church at the corner of Wachusett and Patten Streets, was completed in 1901. Previously, Forest Hills Methodist Society had been holding services in a rented hall in the Forest Hills area. Designed by James G. Hutchinson in a Tudor Revival style, this wooden church was built with a corner tower and half-timbering. A later addition was added in 1925.</p><br>
<p>As this area became increasingly Catholic after World War II, attendance dropped sharply. The church closed in 1969 and remained boarded up and unused until acquired by the Knights of Columbus in 1977. The K&#39;s of C added aluminum siding shortly thereafter, obscuring much of the architectural details of the original structure.</p><br>
<p>This building, along with the Parkman School, used to house The Young Achievers School, a city-wide pilot school. The building was converted to condos after The Young Achievers School relocated to Mattapan.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<h3>Forest Hills Station</h3><br>
<p>Forest Hills is served by the Forest Hills Station, a local transportation hub operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). This station is the southern end of the Orange Line, is a stop on the Commuter Rails Needham Line, and was previously the terminal for the Green Lines E branch, until it was truncated to Heath Street in north Jamaica Plain. Service along that route is provided by the 39 bus. Orange line service runs from here north to Malden on the North Shore via Downtown Crossing. Bus routes servicing the station are the 16, 21, 30, 31, 32, 34/34E, 25, 26, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 50 and 51, and are accessible from berths all around the station, on upper and lower levels.</p><br>
<p>This station created the impetus for development of the local area since the Boston & Providence Railroad opened in 1834. The local area got its name after the establishment of the eponymous cemetery in 1848; subsequently, that name was applied to the station.</p><br>
<p>The original Forest Hills Station was a large red brick structure built in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the traditional tracks to the North were replaced with an elevated railway which lead into Boston and connected with the city&#39;s subway, the oldest in the nation. The elevated track and the original station were torn down in the late 1980s. The station was replaced with the current, modern style station and clock tower designed by Cambridge Seven Associates and completed in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Monsignor William J. Casey Overpass (a.k.a. Morton Street overpass) stood just north of the station, was built in the 1950s to bypass Forest Hills and connect the Arborway to Morton Street. and was demolished in 2015.</p><br>
<h3>Toll Gate Bridge</h3><br>
<p>Before the trains were built in the 1830s, the area that is now Forest Hills Station was known as (the) Toll Gate. The Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike was created in 1803, providing a main route between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island. The Hartford and Dedham Turnpike was chartered the following year, serving as a main road through to Hartford, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>At the facility that stood at what is now the MBTA station, carts and wagons from Roxbury and environs were weighed and charged a toll before being allowed onto the privately owned turnpike. The turnpike became unprofitable and changed into a public road in 1857. In 1874, it was renamed Washington Street and it remains one of the longest streets in the Commonwealth. Long after the train station had acquired the name "Forest Hills", its older identity was preserved in the name of the Toll Gate Bridge, a metal footbridge that crossed the railroad tracks to Washington Street at the point where Walk Hill Street meets Hyde Park Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The overhead structure of the footbridge remains, but the stairs on both sides were removed during the 1990s after Ukraine Way (nearer the station) provided a crossing point for both pedestrians and traffic. Adjacent to the footbridge entrance, the small, neglected Tollgate Catholic graveyard containing 19th and early 20th century headstones sits along Hyde Park Avenue. A monument to Irish-American war dead was created in the 1980s, and each year flags are placed on the graves of veterans.</p><br>
<p>Gorky Reservoir  is an artificial lake in the central part of the Volga River formed by a hydroelectric dam of Gorky Hydroelectric Station  built in 1955 between the towns of Gorodets and Zavolzhye and filled in 1955 – 1957. It spans for 430 km from the dam of Rybinsk to the dam of Gorodets through Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod oblasts of Russia. While it is relatively narrow and follows the natural riverbed of Volga in the upper part, it becomes up to 16 km wide downstream the town of Yuryevets.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir takes its name from the former name of the city of Nizhny Novgorod (actually situated some fifty kilometers downstream the dam), Gorky. An industrial town of Zavolzhye was built on the right bank of the Volga along with the construction of the dam.</p><br>
<p>The filling of the reservoir resulted in the relocation of a number of villages and towns, such as Chkalovsk.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Nordenskiöld Archipelago or Nordenskjold Archipelago  is a large and complex cluster of islands in the eastern region of the Kara Sea. Its eastern limit lies 120 km west of the Taymyr Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>There are about 90 cold, windswept and desolate islands in this archipelago. These are mainly formed by igneous rocks and are covered with tundra vegetation. Except for two polar stations, one which was permanent in Russky Island between 1935 and 1999 and a temporary one in Tyrtov Island (Tyrtova) (1940-1975) there is no permanent human presence in any island of the archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Nordenskiöld Archipelago stretches for almost 100 km from west to east and about 90 km from north to south in the Kara Sea, off the Siberian shores, where there are large coastal islands around Taymyr Island. The average elevation of the islands is relatively low. The highest point of the archipelago (107 m) is located in Chabak, one of the islands of the Vilkitsky subgroup. Some of the islands have wetlands.</p><br>
<p>The climate in the Nordenskiöld Archipelago is Arctic and severe. The sea surrounding the multitude of island groups is covered with fast ice in the winter and it is obstructed by pack ice even in the summer, which lasts only about two months in a normal year.</p><br>
<p>This island group belongs to the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of Russia.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>The Nordenskiöld Archipelago has been divided for geographical purposes into groups. The main ones are from west to east:</p><br>
<h4>Tsivolko Islands</h4><br>
<p>The Tsivolko Islands (острова Циволько; Ostrova Tsivolko) 76&deg;44&prime;N latitude, 94&deg;38&prime;E longitude is the westernmost group.</p><br>
<p>Krasin Island, named after icebreaker Krasin, the biggest island in the group.</p><br>
<p>Lenin Island</p><br>
<p>Yermak Island</p><br>
<p>Kuchum Island</p><br>
<p>Sadko Island</p><br>
<p>Schultz Island</p><br>
<p>Mametkul Island</p><br>
<p>Vitte Island (Lemeshok)</p><br>
<p>Kovalevsky Island</p><br>
<p>Ukromny Island</p><br>
<p>Brandwacht Island</p><br>
<p>Savvy Loshkin Island</p><br>
<p>Vasilyev Island</p><br>
<p>Gryada Island</p><br>
<p>Kazak Island</p><br>
<p>Ledokol Island</p><br>
<p>Makarov Island</p><br>
<p>Oktyabr Island</p><br>
<h4>Vilkitsky Islands</h4><br>
<p>The Vilkitsky Islands (острова Вилькицкого), also known as Dzhekman Islands 76&deg;25&prime;N latitude, 95&deg;15&prime;E longitude, located north of the Matisen Strait.</p><br>
<p>Novyy Island (New Island)</p><br>
<p>Strizhev Island</p><br>
<p>Chabak Island, the biggest and highest island in the group.</p><br>
<p>Tsentralny Island (Central Island)</p><br>
<p>Korsar Island</p><br>
<p>Opasnyye Islands, group of small islets</p><br>
<p>Grozny Island (Terrible Island)</p><br>
<p>Tugut Island</p><br>
<p>Pet Island</p><br>
<p>Smezhny Island</p><br>
<p>Shvetsov Island</p><br>
<p>Dzhekman Island</p><br>
<p>Kamenisty Island</p><br>
<p>Ovalny Island</p><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island (Khovgarda)</p><br>
<p>Herberstein Island (Gerbersteina)</p><br>
<h4>Pakhtusov Islands</h4><br>
<p>The Pakhtusov Islands (острова Пахтусова; Ostrova Pakhtusova) 76&deg;37&prime;N latitude, 95&deg;53&prime;E longitude, located south of the Lenin Strait.</p><br>
<p>Alexandra Island</p><br>
<p>Pakhtusov Island</p><br>
<p>Shpanberg Island</p><br>
<p>Truvor Island</p><br>
<p>Silach Island</p><br>
<p>Petersen Island, largest island in the group.</p><br>
<p>Olyeg Island</p><br>
<p>Dobrynia Nikitich Island</p><br>
<p>Skudnye Island</p><br>
<p>Zverolovny Island</p><br>
<p>Granichny Island</p><br>
<p>Navarin Island</p><br>
<p>Yurt Island</p><br>
<p>Kotovsky Island</p><br>
<h4>Litke Islands</h4><br>
<p>The Litke Islands (острова Литке; Ostrova Litke), 76&deg;49&prime;N latitude, 96&deg;36&prime;E longitude. This group includes Russky Island (остров Русский; Ostrov Russkiy) 77&deg;03&prime;N latitude, 96&deg;09&prime;E longitude. Located at the archipelago&#39;s northern end, this is the largest island of the Nordenskiöld group.</p><br>
<p>Shileyko Island, close to Russky&#39;s southern coast</p><br>
<p>Torosny Island, with 42 m, the highest point in the subgroup</p><br>
<p>Sofii Island</p><br>
<p>Sikora Island</p><br>
<p>Unkovsky Island</p><br>
<p>Yermolov Island, large island, south of Shileyko</p><br>
<p>Pedashenko Island</p><br>
<p>Tribrata Island (Three Brothers Islands), a group of three small islands</p><br>
<h4>Vostyochnyye Islands</h4><br>
<p>The Vostyochnyye Islands (Восточные острова; Vostyochnyye Ostrova, Eastern Islands), latitude 76° 38 N and longitude 97° 30 E. This group includes the Kolomeitsev Islands (острова Коломейцева; Ostrova Kolomeytseva) 76&deg;56&prime;N latitude, 97&deg;48&prime;E longitude.</p><br>
<p>Tyrtov Island, longest island of the group</p><br>
<p>Lovtsov Island</p><br>
<p>Zheleznyakov Island</p><br>
<p>Dezhnev Islands, small group of two islands</p><br>
<p>Matros Island, 54 m high rocky island</p><br>
<p>Salome Island</p><br>
<p>Volna Island (Wave Island)</p><br>
<p>Yevgeny Fyodorov Islands, group of two relatively large islands</p><br>
<p>Nord Island, named after ship "Nord" of the Russian Hydrographic Department.</p><br>
<p>Bianki Island</p><br>
<p>Leskinen Island</p><br>
<p>Dalniy Island</p><br>
<p>Priemny Island, the easternmost island of the archipelago</p><br>
<h4>Coastal islands</h4><br>
<p>The southern extension of the wider archipelago, consisting of the islands located south of the Matisen Strait near and around Taymyr Island. Kolchak Island, located further south, is not geographically part of the wider Nordenskiöld Archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Taymyr Island, the largest island of the coastal group</p><br>
<p>Bonevi Island</p><br>
<p>Nansen Island, a large island</p><br>
<p>Pravdy Island</p><br>
<p>Vkhodnoy Island</p><br>
<p>Nablyudeniy Island</p><br>
<p>Bliznetsy Islands</p><br>
<p>Rifovyy Island</p><br>
<p>Nizkiy Island</p><br>
<p>Moiseyev Island</p><br>
<p>Lafetnyye Islands</p><br>
<p>Ledyanyye Islands</p><br>
<p>Skalistyye Island</p><br>
<p>Rozmyslov Island</p><br>
<p>Malyy Island</p><br>
<p>Serp i Molot Island</p><br>
<p>Zvezda Island</p><br>
<p>Pilot Alexeyev Island</p><br>
<p>Pilot Makhotkin Island, a large island with a very indented coastline</p><br>
<p>Siversiy Island</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This archipelago was first reported in 1740 by Nikifor Chekin, who accompanied Semion Chelyuskin in the Great Northern Expedition. Many years later it was named after arctic explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Norwegian polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen in his maps of the northern coasts and seas of Siberia.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, when Fridtjof Nansen&#39;s Fram was near the Nordenskjold Archipelago, it got stuck in dead water. This is a strange phenomenon that typically occurs in fjords, as glaciers melt and a form a shallow layer of freshwater ice over salty water.</p><br>
<p>This is how Nansen described the phenomenon:</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago were explored and mapped with accuracy by Captain Fyodor Andreyevich Matisen during the Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902. This venture was led by Baron Eduard Von Toll on behalf of the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences aboard ship Zarya. Toll sent Matisen to make a survey of the archipelago in the early spring while the Zarya was wintering close to Taymyr Island. Most islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago were charted and named during this effort. Matisen crisscrossed the whole vast frozen area on dogsled twice. He divided the archipelago into four of the five main groups mentioned above and named more than forty islands.</p><br>
<p>Like Nansen, Eduard Toll observed that it was difficult to navigate through the archipelago on account of the ice.</p><br>
<p>After the Russian Revolution, the archipelago was explored in the 1930s by a Soviet expedition on the icebreaker Sedov.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the Arctic Institute of the USSR organized an expedition on ship Toros. The purpose of this expedition was to explore the Nordenskiöld Archipelago and to thoroughly investigate the Northern Sea Route in the Kara Sea. The Toros overwintered in Ledyanaya Bay on Bonevi Island west of Taymyr Island and sailed back to Archangelsk during the summer thaw after having explored many Kara Sea islands.</p><br>
<p>On 25 August 1942, during Operation Wunderland, Kriegsmarine cruiser Admiral Scheer fell upon the Russian icebreaker Sibiryakov (under the command of Captain Kacharev) off the northwest coast of Russky Island at the northern end of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago. The Sibiryakov resisted but was sunk by the German warship. Then Admiral Scheer headed southwest in order to attack the Soviet military installations at Dikson.</p><br>
<p>Since May 1993 the Nordenskiöld Archipelago is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia. The Arctic station at Russky Island was closed in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Landmark Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a commercial center situated in a limestone and brick art deco building built in 1929 for Sears, Roebuck and Company. It features a 200 ft tower and, as Sears Roebuck and Company Mail Order Store, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated as a Boston Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at the intersection of Park Drive and Brookline Avenue; also the meeting point of the Riverway and the Back Bay Fens, two links of the Emerald Necklace park system designed in the 19th century by Frederick Law Olmsted. It is one of the tallest buildings in its vicinity, and viewers on top of the tower can see the Charles River, Cambridge, and the Great Blue Hill in Milton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Development and vacancy</h3><br>
<p>The Landmark Center building was the last of a series of Sears distribution centers designed by George C. Nimmons, and was completed in 1928. For nearly sixty years it served as a warehouse and distribution center for Sears, Roebuck and Company and offered local bargain-hunters an opportunity to obtain merchandise at below-catalog prices.</p><br>
<p>Sears closed the distribution center in January, 1988, and the building became vacant. Various developers investigated new uses for the property and it came close to being demolished several times.</p><br>
<h3>Midtown Exchange</h3><br>
<p>The Landmark Center has a sister building, which was also originally designed for Sears, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Sears, Roebuck and Company Mail-Order Warehouse and Retail Store. In 2005, it was converted into the Midtown Exchange, including an international bazaar and food court known as the Midtown Global Market. Like the Landmark Center, the Midtown Exchange has a large medical group as a cornerstone in the building.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration of Sears building</h3><br>
<p>After purchasing the former Sears property, The Abbey Group (a Boston-based real estate concern) contracted the architectural firm of Bruner/Cott & Associates to convert it into a profitable rental space. Bruner/Cott took special consideration for the original character of the building while adding distinctive features including a seven-story tall interior space lit by oversized skylights that deliver natural light to interior office spaces. The conversion was recognized with awards including:</p><br>
<p>2001 Preservation Achievement Award, Boston Preservation Alliance</p><br>
<p>2001 Reconstruction Award, Building Design & Construction</p><br>
<p>2002 Preservation Award, Massachusetts Historical Commission</p><br>
<p>Derelict for a time before being reopened in fall 2000, the building now houses retail stores (including REI and Staples), a 13-screen movie theater, a 1,700-space parking garage, a sports complex and a day care center; as well as office space largely occupied by tenants related to the medical field and the nearby Longwood Medical and Academic Area: the anchor, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts occupied the majority until its departure in 2015, while most of the additional offices are rented by Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. Boston Children&#39;s Hospital has administrative offices as well, in addition to Harvard Pilgrim Health Care.</p><br>
<p>Wills Mountain is a quartzite-capped ridge in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania and Maryland, United States, extending from near Bedford, Pennsylvania, to near Cumberland, Maryland. It is the northernmost of several mountain ridges included within the Wills Mountain Anticline.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Pennsylvania</h3><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania part of Wills Mountain is in Bedford County, reaching an elevation of 2,782 ft. Although there are mountains in Pennsylvania&#39;s Appalachian Plateau that are higher, Wills Mountain is the highest in its Ridge and Valley physiographic province. Wills Mountain may have the highest prominence in Pennsylvania. The mountain ridge begins abruptly near the Juniata River just north of 2,560 ft Kinton Knob, west of Bedford, and just south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The valley to the south of Kinton Knob is known as Milligans Cove, an excellent geological example of a breached anticline.</p><br>
<p>Portions of Wills Mountain, including the summit, are located in Pennsylvania State Game Lands No. 48, where access to the mountain is limited, with only jeep trails and a gravel road on the ridge. The summit, like Martin Hill to the east, has no towers or transmitters. However, access to the summit is difficult, requiring a hike of more than 1,800 ft.</p><br>
<h3>Maryland</h3><br>
<p>The Maryland part of Wills Mountain is located in Allegany County, where the mountain rises steeply from the Cumberland Narrows, a water gap west of Cumberland, half a mile (0.8 km) west of the mouth of Warrior Run. From there, the mountain extends northeasterly into Pennsylvania; the mountain&#39;s highest elevation in Maryland is 1,877 ft.</p><br>
<p>Haystack Mountain is on the south side of the Narrows. Geologically, the two mountains are equivalent, both being central ridges of the Wills Mountain Anticline. The Cumberland Narrows was carved into these quartzite-capped mountain ridges by Wills Creek, a Potomac River tributary, over millions of years.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland Narrows serves as a western gateway from Cumberland to the Appalachian Plateau and the Ohio River Valley beyond. The Old National Road, now Alternate USA 40, passes through the Narrows, along with the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad&#39;s main line between Baltimore/Washington and Pittsburgh, now part of the CSX system, and a former line of the Western Maryland Railroad, now used by the steam- and diesel-powered excursion trains of the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad and the Great Allegheny Passage bike trail.</p><br>
<p>A prominent rocky outcropping at the south end of Wills Mountain in the Cumberland Narrows is known as Lover&#39;s Leap.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Wills Mountain is capped by the erosion-resistant Silurian Tuscarora quartzite. The mountain stands in the center of the Wills Mountain Anticline, a geological structure that extends from southern Pennsylvania through Maryland and West Virginia into Virginia. In this anticline, the Tuscarora and various other rock strata are bent upward, with the erosion-resistant Tuscarora capping the mountains ridgetop, and more easily eroded Silurian limestones and shales on the mountains slopes.</p><br>
<p>Plöcken Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Carnic Alps mountain range at the border between the Austrian state of Carinthia and the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. It links the market town of Kötschach-Mauthen in the Carinthian Gail Valley with the Paluzza municipality in the Carnia region of Friuli.</p><br>
<p>A few miles to the west along the ridge is Mt. Coglians, with 2,780 m the highest peak of the Carnic and Gailtal Alps. Before reaching the upper Gail Valley, the pass road also crosses the lower Gailbergsattel at 981 m in the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Italian name derives from Latin Monte Crucis ("mountain of the cross"), a denotation of the pass in mediæval times. The valley of the Gail River had been a settlement area since the Neolithic era, and a bridle path probably existed already in the Bronze Age. Roman forces under General Tiberius rebuilt the path as a road after the incorporation of the Noricum province in 15 BC, in order to reach the newly conquered lands north of the Carnic Alps from Italy.</p><br>
<p>The well constructed road was in use throughout the Middle Ages as part of the trade route between Aquileia and Salzburg, also after the Carnia region in the south was conquered by the Republic of Venice in 1420. The former mansio at Timau (Tischelwang, today part of Paluzza) south of the pass was resettled by miners from Carinthia, up to today it is a German-speaking enclave on Italian territory.</p><br>
<p>Upon the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn, Napoleonic troops crossed the Plöcken Pass to occupy the Upper Carinthian lands around Villach, which had been ceded to the French Empire as part of the Illyrian Provinces. In World War I the pass became a theater of the Italian Campaign of 1915–1918, when Italian Alpini troops tried to push northwards into Carinthia, though to no avail. As both sides soon concentrated on attrition warfare, numerous bunkers and tunnels were constructed, the remnants of which are still visible today.</p><br>
<p>Lonquimay Volcano is a stratovolcano of late-Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age, with the shape of a truncated cone. The cone is largely andesitic, though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present."Lonquimay." Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution</p><br>
<p>It is located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile, immediately SE of Tolhuaca volcano. Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south. The snow-capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello-Nalcas.</p><br>
<p>The volcano&#39;s last eruption began on December 25, 1988, earning it the nickname "Navidad". The eruption lasted for 13 months before ending in 1990. The Volcanic Explositivy Index was 3, indicating tropospheric injections and catastrophic damage. The eruption was from a flank vent and involved mostly andesite lava, and had been preceded by increased seismicity for three weeks. The volume of the lava flow decreased as time went on and the vent dimensions decreased, though by the end of the eruption the andesite had still built up to a length of 10.2 km.</p><br>
<p>There was only a single fatality for the duration of the eruption, but it caused the evacuation of over 2000 people and caused extensive damage to farming and livestock in the surrounding region.Naranjo, Jose. "Lonquimay." Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History</p><br>
<p>Djenné-Djenno  is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the Niger River Valley in the country of Mali. Literally translated to "ancient Djenné", it is the original site of Djenné, Mali and considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers and the best known archaeology site in sub-Saharan Africa. This archaeological site is located about 3 km away from the modern town, and is believed to have been involved in long distance trade and possibly the domestication of African rice.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>With the help of archaeological excavations, radiocarbon dates have been collected showing that people first settled there permanently in about 250 B.C. This first occupation of the site (which lasted from 250 B.C. to A.D. 50) is known as Phase I and is some of the earliest evidence for iron production in sub-Saharan Africa. This initial phase is not associated with the Later Stone Age, and there has never been an occupation from this period at the site, or evidence for it has never been found. Until 250 B.C., the area surrounding Djenné-Djenno was either uninhabited or visited by nomadic groups that stayed for short periods. Geomorphological data show that the region consisted mostly of swampland at that time. Groups only began permanently occupying the area after a dry episode in which annual flooding receded and decreased the size of the swamps. Faunal remains at the site from this occupation have included catfish and Nile perch but mostly cow, leading to the assumption that this first phase might be associated with hunter-gatherer or pastoral modes of subsistence. During this period there is no evidence for rice production, however it is believed that these people might have been rice producers, even though no definitive evidence has been discovered yet. Phase II is defined by a larger population and definitive evidence for the mass production of rice. The borders of the site expanded during this period (possibly covering 100,000 square meters or more), as well as the presence of permanent mud brick architecture. It is inferred from this that rice domestication might have led to higher population, or higher populations led to the domestication of rice in this period. Phase III dates from about A.D. 300 to A.D. 900 and is believed to have an even higher population based on crowded cemeteries. The site also has evidence for a more intensive occupation through deep house deposits, possibly from multiple generations. Since there is no evidence for a fourth phase, it is expected that towards the end of Phase III the city experienced a slow decline in population and eventually a total abandonment. However, very little is known about why this decline happened, and more research is needed.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the sites occupation stood a large tear-shaped mound (also known as a tell) consisting of layer upon layer of occupation that had built up over time. This tell was surrounded by 69 hillocks, and created by its people through the building and rebuilding of their houses. Throughout the sites occupations, pottery fragments are abundant. We see some of the more interesting clay artifacts beginning in Phase II with the terra-cotta statuettes and representations of humans and animals on pottery. These statuettes are important to the understanding of Phase II because along with this art, we see the first evidence for large-scale rice cultivation and population rise. All of these attributes are commonly associated with complex, state-level societies. It is believed that these artifacts posed ritual function as opposed to a domestic function. Some of these clay figurines are similar to those made by modern Fulani pastoralists for children, which might be evidence for the importance of domesticated cows at the site. One human statuette in particular has been the cause of much debate. It was found on a house floor around small bowls full of suspected offerings. Two others have been found in similar context 11 kilometers away from the site of Djenné-Djenno and it is hypothesized that they are the representations of a household spirit, as ancestral cults are known to have flourished in the area as late as the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Terra-cotta figurines from the Inner Niger Delta region</h2><br>
<p>Djenne Terracotta Equestrian (13th-15th cent).jpg</p><br>
<p>Djenne Terracotta Archer (13th-15th cent).jpg</p><br>
<p>Seated figure grom Mali, 13th century, Djenné peoples, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981.218.JPG</p><br>
<p>Statuette féminine-Région de Djenné-Mali.jpg</p><br>
<p>Djenné-Djenno is famous for its astonishing terra-cotta figurines that depict humans and animals including snakes and horses. Before the sites excavation in 1977, many of these figurines were in circulation being sold as tourist souvenirs and fine art to the west on the black market. During this time, Mali was experiencing famine and it was unlikely for many to be upset about any money that came into the country. The sale of cultural antiquities has been illegal since 1970 with the creation of the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, yet conflict between ownership and control of artifacts still remains a problem in the region as well as in many other parts of the world. Other sculptures in West Africa have faced similar challenges. In Nigeria, Nok culture figurines dating back as far as 800 B.C. also became incredibly popular in black market trade in the 1990s. Little scientific work has been done on these figurines as most of them are in circulation around the globe today. Recently, 200 miles from Djenné-Djenno, in Timbuktu cultural property has also been threatened. Ethical battles over antiquities are hard to define as "the conflicts are multifaced, questions of innocence and guilt often--through not always-- hard to pin down." Art dealers and collectors depend on such trade while the looting of artifacts from archaeological sites destroys their historical context and integrity. It has been suggested by many to have a blackout of information on these figurines that were not excavated scientifically which primarily includes black market items as it is believed that drawing western attention to these items would increase their market value. This could also hurt art historians and dealers however, as it would be difficult for them to know how to distinguish artifacts from fakes.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture and urban organization</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the Inland Niger Delta has been an ideal location for the mass production of staples such as rice, millet and vegetables due to its predictable floods and summer rains. Many believe this area was the leader in African rice domestication, however more research is needed. Along with this, evidence for domestic cow, sheep and goat cultivation is present at the site. The land surrounding Djenné-Djenno lent itself to such high-yielding crops due to its mixture of highland and floodplain soils at different elevations that allowed floodwater farming of rice. Moreover, the Djenné-Djenno site lies in close proximity to dune landscape, which allows for necessary recreation needed for keeping cattle in floodplain environments. Overall, the diversified sources of food provided food security that allowed for permanent settlement in a region of volatile climate. It is believed that this food production, especially that of African rice, was one of the main contributors to population rise in the city of Djenné-Djenno and was widely exported to nearby centers (including Timbuktu). Many believe that domestic rice was introduced from areas outside the Delta, but the idea that it could not have been manipulated all over the region should not be rejected without further evidence. It is hypothesized that after the decline in aquatic resources we see being exploited in phase I, people adapted by cultivating rice, causing this population explosion.</p><br>
<p>The Djenné-Djenno urban complex consists of 40 mounds within a 4 kilometer radius. The configuration of the mounds helped “segmented” communities to surmount the ecological challenges caused by the volatile weather patterns characteristic of the Middle Niger. The fact that the mounds were disjointed allowed communities to specialize their trade while the relative proximity of the mound facilitated the exchange of goods and services between these communities. It is believed that instead of a ruling elite, Djenné-Djenno split power between corporate groups and this can be seen with the clustered organization at the site. This means that unlike places like Egypt, Djenné-Djenno was not highly stratified and evidence for a very wealthy ruling class has never been found. This urban configuration incentivized peaceful reciprocity between the communities, which in turn caused the communities to specialize further leading to the prosperity of the community as a whole. It is hypothesized that clusters held people of similar ethnic groups and craft specializations, which would set the city up for extensive trade and growth.</p><br>
<h2>Trade</h2><br>
<p>It is suspected that Djenné-Djenno grew to such a vast size as a result of regional and local trade. It was likely that rice produced in this region would have been a valuable trade for Saharan commodities such as salt, copper and dried fish. Djenné-Djenno would have been an excellent middle ground between traders from North Africa and the Mediterranean and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. No doubt the towns proximity to other large urban centers such as Timbuktu also helped this trade network thrive. Specifically, glass beads found at the site have been dated to as early as the third century BC and appear to originate from Asia to the Mediterranean Near East. Copper ornaments have also been found in early Phase II deposits, which shows these trade networks date to earlier than previously thought.</p><br>
<p>Clitheroe Castle is a ruined early medieval castle in Clitheroe in Lancashire, England. It was the caput of the Honour of Clitheroe, a vast estate stretching along the western side of the Pennines.</p><br>
<p>Its earliest history is debated but it is thought to be of Norman origin, probably built in the twelfth century. Property of the de Lacy family, the honour later merged with the earldom and then Duchy of Lancaster. Given to George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle in 1660, the castle site remained in private ownership until 1920, when it was sold to the people of Clitheroe to create a war memorial. Today the buildings on the site are the home of Clitheroe Castle Museum.</p><br>
<p>The keep is the second smallest surviving stone-built keep in England. The castle was listed as a Scheduled Monument on 10 April 1915 (and later, under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 law). It was Grade I listed on 19 May 1950.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>After the Norman conquest, the Anglo-Saxon hundred of Blackburnshire was part of a fief given to Roger de Poitou and the Domesday survey shows he had given it to Roger de Busli and Albert de Gresle. Clitheroe is not mentioned by name, and it is assumed that Blackburn had previously been the administrative centre. However some time during the reign of William Rufus, Poitou gave Blackburnshire and the Bowland area, north of the River Ribble (under Craven in the Domesday Book) to the Baron of Pontefract, Robert de Lacy. When de Poitou lost his English holdings in 1102, Henry I not only allowed de Lacy to keep these lands, but added to them with the vills of Chipping, Aighton and Dutton. Clitheroe became the centre of this new honour.</p><br>
<p>The valley of the River Ribble has formed a significant transport route for a long time, a Roman road runs up it, passing just south of the castle site. The steep limestone outcrop which rises 39 m above the surrounding land is strategically located to effectively bar the pass and provide extensive views over the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h3>Origin</h3><br>
<p>A 14th-century document called Historia Laceiorum attributed construction of the castle to Robert de Lacy (died 1193), the grandson of the first Robert de Lacy. Although it is generally accepted that he built the keep, it is thought that some form of fortification already existed.</p><br>
<p>Some form of wooden fortress may have existed on the site before the Norman conquest. A reference to the "castellatu Rogerii pictaviensis" in the Domesday Book entry for nearby Barnoldswick, has been used to argue that it was first built before 1086 by Roger the Poitevin. Others have countered that the passage more likely refers to Lancaster Castle however.</p><br>
<p>It is thought that there was a castle at Clitheroe in 1102, as Robert de Lacy granted lands formerly the property of Orme le Engleis, within the baillie and below, to Ralph le Rous. A charter from 1122 also mentions the castles chapel. In the summer of 1138, a Scottish force under William fitz Duncan harried the area, defeating an English force at the Battle of Clitheroe. Although the castle is not mentioned in the known accounts of the battle, it may have been the reason for the battles location.</p><br>
<h3>Later 12th to 14th century</h3><br>
<p>New construction work was carried out in the late 12th century by Robert de Lacy (died 1193). This Robert died without an heir, and his lands passed to his cousin, and to on her grandson Roger, the constable of Chester. He changed his surname to de Lacy and his descendants would also be the Earls of Lincoln (from 1232).</p><br>
<p>The castle was garrisoned due to the rebellion of Richard Is brother John in the 1190s. During the early 14th century repairs were carried out to buildings within the castle and a new gate was built. When Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln died in London in 1311, ownership of his properties passed to Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster who had been married to his daughter and heiress Alice. When Sir Adam Banastre led a rebellion against the earl in 1315, Clitheroe was amongst the castles raided for weapons. Lancasters property escheated following his attainder and death in 1322, his brother Henry was later be granted his lands, which subsequently became part of the Duchy of Lancaster.</p><br>
<h3>15th to 17th century</h3><br>
<p>In the 15th century, additional repairs were undertaken and a new chamber was built in 1425. During the Wars of the Roses, Edward IV ordered £200 be spent on repairs to the castle, but afterwards it seems to have fallen into disrepair. Duchy records for the honour, show that the castle had a constable and a porter in the 1480s. A survey in 1602 described the castle as very ruinous, warning that buildings were very likely to fall down, with another in 1608, stating that parts of the decayed buildings had actually collapsed.</p><br>
<p>In 1644, during the Civil War, Prince Rupert left a garrison at the castle on his way to relieve the parliamentarian siege of York. They repaired the main gateway and stocked the castle with provisions, only to abandon it following the royalist loss at the Battle of Marston Moor. When the Lancashire militia was ordered to disband in 1649, they refused, occupying the castle for a brief period in a dispute over unpaid wages. The same year Clitheroe was among a number of castles that parliament decided should be slighted to prevent further use, although it is uncertain what demolition work actually resulted.</p><br>
<p>In 1660 the castle and its honour were given as a reward to the first Duke of Albemarle by Charles II for helping him to regain the crown. From the late 17th century, the castle became the residence of the steward of the honour.</p><br>
<h3>18th century to present day</h3><br>
<p>Ownership of the castle subsequently passed down through the family to the Dukes of Buccleuch. A plan of the castle, dated 1723 is thought to have been created when a new house was built for the steward. However it seems that around this time much of the remaining curtain wall was demolished, with garden terraces created. The castle continued to operate as the administrative centre for Blackburnshire until 1822 when the town hall in Church Street was built.</p><br>
<p>In 1848, with the ruined keep in danger of collapse it was decided to undertake a series of repairs. At least £221 was spent on the work which included re-building the staircase tower, considerable work to the eastern corner, refacing areas of the interior and exterior with Chatburn limestone, and the installation of a series of buttresses on the southwest and southeast walls.</p><br>
<p>Before he died in 1878 Dixon Robinson resided at the castle for over 40 years as Steward of the Honour of Clitheroe.</p><br>
<p>The castle site was purchased by public subscription by the then borough council from Lord Montagu of Beaulieu for £9,500 in November 1920, to create a memorial to the 260 soldiers from the town who died in the First World War.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s the southeast elevation of the keep underwent substantial preservation work. As part of a large redevelopment of the museum, 2008 saw further restoration work to the keep and the first archaeological survey of the site was completed, including test digs.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The Historic England scheduled monument record classifies Clitheroe as an enclosure castle, the principal defence being the wall surrounding the site. It was essentially a motte-and-bailey layout, with a natural outcrop utilised as the motte. The keep is the second smallest surviving stone-built keep in England. Its thought that, as the keep was so small, other essential buildings, such as the great hall may have been located on the site where the education suite now stands. A 1602 survey mentions Mr Auditors chamber, the hall and buttery, and there would likely also have been stables and lodgings for any stationed soldiers. The southwest corner of the site next to the Steward&#39;s house was formerly the kitchen gardens. The medieval castle keep and some of the curtain wall remain above ground, although the medieval buildings in the bailey have not survived. However, there are sub-surface remains of the castle gateway and other buildings. A document from 1304 mentions ditches and moats, thought to be a distance from the castle at a lower level, but these have since been filled in. The footpath that ascends the castle mound to the keep, and the western access road are believed to be later additions.</p><br>
<h3>Keep</h3><br>
<p>The keep is square tower with flat pilasters at the corners giving the appearance of corner towers, with the walls being 8.75 ft wide at the base. The ground floor, is thought to have been accessed from above via a trapdoor, with recessed arrowslits in the middle of the walls on three sides, except the northwest. Two of these have been converted into entrances, with the other, on the southwest side, filled-in. The main entrance to the keep was on the first floor on the northwest side, accessed by an external staircase. Next to this, in the western corner tower is the lower entry to a spiral staircase, which today rises to a height of 46 ft from the ground, somewhat higher than the other surviving walls. It is thought that the keep would have had a parapet with at least one turret above the staircase. The first floor also had another door in the southwest wall with recessed arrowslits in the other walls. The doorway may have led to the ramparts of the adjacent curtain wall. What today appears to be another doorway next to this, leading by a right-angled passage into the keep, was actually a barrel vaulted mural chamber, which seems to have had an arrowslit in the wall at this end, now breached. This chamber may have been a garderobe, but this is debated. The walls above show no signs of any wall openings even to the staircase. The re-building work may have removed any evidence of a doorway to what may have been may have been a second floor of sleeping accommodation, or the walls may have concealed a pitched roof, similar to the keep at Peveril. There is also no evidence of fireplace openings in any part of the keep. The repairs made during the restoration work used limestone from quarries at the nearby village of Chatburn, making the additions identifiable.</p><br>
<h4>The hole</h4><br>
<p>The first-floor arrowloop on the southeast side has today widened, most likely the result of natural decay. There is an ancient local legend that the Devil once gathered rocks in an apron, and threw a boulder aimed at the castle, from a place on Pendle Hill called Apronful. However the apron broke, dropping a pile of stones and causing the shot to land near the church in Pendleton. The guidebook to the castle relates this local tale, "they always said that the hole in the side of the keep was made by Cromwell in the Civil War. It&#39;s only a story but they say that he attacked the castle and fired at it with a cannon from the top of Pendle Hill – it must have been a good cannon for the time to reach that far!"</p><br>
<h3>Gatehouse and curtain wall</h3><br>
<p>It is thought the gatehouse tower stood approximately at the site of the stone gate piers on the drive up to the museum. A tall embattled wall, it is believed, ran round the top of the hill, turning behind the stewards house, and then behind the stewards gallery and around the keep.</p><br>
<p>A 16th century sketch shows a four-sided, two-story gatehouse with a Norman round-headed doorway, the door including a wicket gate, a small part may be preserved in the wall to the east. Possibly similar the one at Tickhill, the upper floor may have served as a lodging for the castle porter who acted as the jailer. To the west, the remains of the curtain wall climb the slope, connecting to the wall at the top. It has been suggested that the 6 foot wide wall that surrounds the keep on three sides may represent an earlier construction phase than the keep itself. It may have been a shell keep containing a number of lean-to buildings, with the southern section later demolished and the present keep built inside. Like the keep this section of wall was re-built in the mid-19th century, with the work distinguishable from the original, the north-western exterior face being best preserved. A section of western curtain wall survives next to the well, now separated from the other walls by the stables and court house buildings. The bailey is thought to have been divided into an inner and outer section, with a second gatehouse and/or defensive ditch to control the entry, of which no trace survives. The garden terraces that were created in the mid-18th century cut-up much of the site and making difficult to identify the castle&#39;s limits.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel of St Michael de Castro</h3><br>
<p>The chapel of St. Michael within the castle in mentioned in charters from 1120, and was ecclesiastically separated from the ancient parish of Whalley. Some records call it extra-parochial and it is sometimes described as the parish church of the castle and demesne, with the forest districts of the honour. The chapel had reinforced walls and formed part of the inner bailey wall, and was located at the southern end of the terrace next to the old stable block. When Henry de Lacy (c.1251–1311) gave Whalley to the monks of Stanlaw (Whalley Abbey), he withheld the chapel and its district. In 1334, the Abbey entered a legal battle for control over it, finally purchasing the advowson from John of Gaunt in 1365. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the late 1530s, the benefactions it had received under the monks being transferred to the chapel at Whitewell. The chapel was in ruins in 1660, and the allowance for the chaplain was transferred to St Mary Magdalene&#39;s Church. By 1717 nothing but the decayed walls remained.</p><br>
<h3>Great hall</h3><br>
<p>The inner bailey probably also contained the great hall. A document dated 1324 refers to the rebuilding of a structure, which given the large quantities of material and labour required, would have been on an appropriate scale. The materials included 30 wagon-loads of timber from Bowland with a further 12 loads from Leagram Park and 45 wagon loads of stone slates for the roof. The work took five carpenters over 17 weeks to complete.</p><br>
<p>The Hundred court was held here, with the steward of the honour acting as judge, originally every three weeks. At some time probably in the 12th century this changed to twice a year, with the three-week court continuing but being limited to claims less than 40 shillings. The demesne manors instead held halmote courts, with those for Chatburn, Worston and Pendleton also being held at the castle.</p><br>
<h3>Jail</h3><br>
<p>The castle is known to have acted as a jail, and important men were occasionally imprisoned there. Henry VI may have been held briefly as he was captured outside Clitheroe in 1464, during the Wars of the Roses. In 1506 the porter was imprisoned in his own jail after attending a meeting of armed men at Whalley. Whether the keep was used as the jail is uncertain; there may have been a separate dungeon elsewhere in the bailey.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today the buildings on the castle site form Clitheroe Castle Museum. The museum is based in the former Stewards House, a Grade II listed building, originally built in the 18th century, with later additions and modifications. The former courthouse, is now a temporary exhibition space called the Stewards Gallery. The museum was originally opened in 1954 in the Steward&#39;s Gallery. It underwent a £3.5-million refurbishment and redevelopment, and officially opened on 23 June 2009 by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Its social history collection contains about 5,000 items, and the geology collection includes four type and figured specimens. It also has smaller collections of natural history, local art and period costume, and the archaeology collection includes items recovered from excavations on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Castle grounds</h2><br>
<p>The 6.4 hectare castle grounds site was established as a public park after the castle site was acquired by the council. Of the £15,000 raised in 1920, £9,500 was spent to purchase the site, and the rest used laying out the park. It incorporates the early 18th-century garden terraces created for the steward&#39;s residence. Bowling greens, tennis courts, a putting green, a bandstand and pavilion café were installed, and specimen trees planted as part of the landscaping include a fern-leaf beech and a dawn redwood. The war memorial, a sculpture of a soldier standing atop a pedestal in a mourning pose with head bowed and arms reversed, is located south of the keep. The main inscription reads "Erected by the inhabitants of Clitheroe in grateful remembrance of their fellow townsmen who gave their lives in defence of their king and country in the Great War 1914 1918". The sculptor was Louis Frederick Roslyn, and the same figure is used in the memorial at Slaidburn. There is also a memorial plaque to those killed in the Second Boer War, installed in 1907.</p><br>
<p>The centrepiece of the old rose garden south of the castle is a turret from the Houses of Parliament, presented to the borough by its MP (Sir William Brass) in 1937, in commemoration of the coronation of King George VI. Also known as the Pinnacle, it dates back to the mid-1800s rebuilding work at the Place of Westminster. Clitheroe Civic Society has been running a project to restore the monument after it was discovered that corroding iron fixings have been damaging the stonework.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006, a new skatepark officially opened in the Woone Lane corner of the castle grounds, the £200,000 cost funded by the Lancaster Foundation charitable trust. Also opened in 2006 is a turf labyrinth designed by Jim Buchanan. In 2010, ten plaques featuring key events in the history of Clitheroe where installed on the walls of the creative activity area next to the keep. To commemorate the 400th anniversary of the trials of the Pendle witches, a new long-distance walking route called the Lancashire Witches Walk has been created. Ten tercet waymarkers, designed by Stephen Raw, each inscribed with a verse of a poem by Carol Ann Duffy have been installed along the route, with the fourth located here.</p><br>
<p>The town&#39;s annual Guy Fawkes Night bonfire fireworks display is among a number of regular events staged.</p><br>
<h3>Castle Hill</h3><br>
<p>The keep is on the summit of a large carboniferous rock, which is the highest and most prominent point for miles around. This is now identified as a Waulsortian mudmound. The rock comprises light grey, unbedded, micritic limestone, heavily jointed with calcite veining. There is some galena and sphalerite mineralisation in the joints. It is rich in fossils: mainly Crinoid ossicles together with gastropods and brachiopods. There has been much debate on how these mud mounds were formed. One theory led to them being called reef knolls, knoll reefs, or bioherms but work in 1972 by Miller & Grayson explained their structure.</p><br>
<p>Clitheroe Castle is the most southwesterly of a chain of mudmounds in the Bowland Sub-basin of the Craven Basin, that has been dubbed the Clitheroe Reef Belt. They include important geological sites at Salthill and Bellman quarries, Crow Hill and Worsaw, Gerna and Sykes.</p><br>
<p>Yerevan Lake ) is an artificial reservoir located in the capital of Armenia in Yerevan. It was formed between 1963 and 1966, to be opened in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>1976 bus accident</h2><br>
<p>On September 16, 1976 Shavarsh Karapetyan training with his brother Kamo, also a finswimmer, by running alongside the reservoir, Karapetyan had just completed his usual distance of 20 km when he heard the sound of a crash and saw a sinking Yerevan trolleybus which had gone out of control and fallen from the dam wall.</p><br>
<p>The trolleybus lay at the bottom of the reservoir some 25 meters (80 ft) off the shore at a depth of 10 meters (33 ft). Karapetyan swam to it and, under conditions of almost zero visibility due to the silt rising from the bottom, broke the back window with his legs. The trolleybus was crowded, it carried 92 passengers and Karapetyan knew he had little time, spending some 30 to 35 seconds for each person he saved. He saved 20 lives.</p><br>
<p>Mount Willey is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Samuel Willey, Jr.  and his family, who in 1825 moved into a house in Crawford Notch. The family was killed a year later in August 1826 during a landslide.</p><br>
<p>Mount Willey is part of the Willey Range of the White Mountains, of which it is the southernmost and second highest. It, along with Mount Field, forms the western wall of Crawford Notch. The summit is just outside the Crawford Notch State Park; it is at the northeast corner of the Pemigewasset Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The north and east faces of Mount Willey drain directly into the Saco River, thence into the Gulf of Maine at Saco, Maine. The south and west sides drain into the North Fork of the Pemigewasset River, thence into the East Branch, the Pemigewasset River, Merrimack River, and into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Apache Lake is one of four reservoirs built along the Salt River in central Arizona as part of the Salt River Project.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located along the Apache Trail and about 16 miles east of Tortilla Flat, in Maricopa County, Arizona. It is about 65 miles (104 km) northeast of Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>Apache Lake is formed by Horse Mesa Dam impounded the Salt River, which was completed in 1927. The second largest of the four Salt River Project reservoirs, Apache Lake is located about 5 miles (8 km) downstream from Theodore Roosevelt Lake (the largest), and upstream from Canyon Lake and Saguaro Lake.</p><br>
<p>The surface area of the lake is 2,568 acre at full capacity and it can store 254,138 acre.ft of water.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Apache Lake is a popular recreation destination within the Tonto National Forest, which is the authority that manages the facilities located at the lake. The lake is located along the Apache Trail and a number of other hiking trails can be found in the area. Situated along Apache Lake is Apache Lake Marina and Resort, which offers visitors various amenities. The resort includes 3 motels, an RV park, a gas dock house, a restaurant and bar, wet and dry boat storage slips, and a general store. Apache Lake Marina and Resort is the only development along Apache Lake that offers motel rooms and campgrounds with full hook ups.</p><br>
<p>Many species of fish can be found in the lake, including largemouth, smallmouth and yellow bass, crappie, sunfish, both channel and flathead catfish, walleye and carp.</p><br>
<p>Tonto National Monument, with ancient cliff dwellings, is located 4 mi south of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cabuyao  is a mountain in the Philippines located in the municipality of Tuba in the province of Benguet. Its summit, rising to more than 2,000 meters above sea level, overlooks the city of Baguio. It is commonly mistaken as Mount Santo Tomas, a taller mountain just beside it.</p><br>
<p>Due to its high elevation, several communications companies constructed relay stations and radars at the summit. A private observatory and AA radar station, once operated by the US Armed Forces stationed in the country, is also located here. A water catchment area was constructed to supply water to the City of Baguio and nearby towns. A small community of farmers live at the top of the mountain. A town hall and a school was built for them by the local government.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The two large satellite dishes at its summit have become a landmark in Baguio City. The summit is also a good vantage point. During fair weather, one can see the whole City of Baguio to the east and could partially see the province of Pangasinan to the west. On a clear day, one can observe moving cargo ships passing by the South China Sea.</p><br>
<p>Hikers climb the mountain occasionally for recreational purposes. Biking is also popular.</p><br>
<h2>Forest cover</h2><br>
<p>The mountain forest is part of the protected Mount Santo Tomas watershed, which supplies water to areas near the Ben Palispis Highway and other parts of Tuba. In September 2014, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ordered the temporary ceasing of development projects in a disputed area covering the forest reserve.</p><br>
<p>The affected area, which has been heavily deforested, was to be developed into an eco-tourism park, as planned by Baguio City Representative Nicasio Aliping Jr.</p><br>
<p>The Cumberland Narrows  is a water gap in western Maryland in the United States, just west of Cumberland. Wills Creek cuts through the central ridge of the Wills Mountain Anticline at a low elevation here between Wills Mountain to the north and Haystack Mountain to the south. Cliffs and talus of the two mountains Tuscarora quartzite caprock are prominent within the Narrows. A prominent rocky outcropping at the south end of Wills Mountain in the Cumberland Narrows is known as Lovers Leap.</p><br>
<p>The geological features of the Narrows provide Cumberland a western backdrop of the two mountains with a narrow gap between them.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cumberland Narrows serves as a western gateway from Cumberland to the Appalachian Plateau and the Ohio River Valley beyond. Nemacolins Path, which later became Old National Road, and is now Alternate USA 40, passes through the Narrows, along with the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroads main line between Baltimore/Washington and Pittsburgh, now part of the CSX system, and a former line of the Western Maryland Railway, now used by the steam- and diesel-powered excursion trains of the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad and the Great Allegheny Passage bike trail.</p><br>
<h3>Lover's Leap</h3><br>
<p>The rocky outcropping known as Lovers Leap is on Wills Mountain on the northeast side of the Cumberland Narrows. Lovers leap is 1,652 ft above sea level and made up of oddly squared projectories of rock, from its top, all the way down to the National Highway (Alternate USA 40) below.</p><br>
<p>Today, these rocks high above Wills Creek provide one of the most popular views in the Allegheny Mountains, with Cumberland, the highway, and two railroads nearby below and the surrounding states of Pennsylvania and West Virginia in the distance.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<p>The 46 room Wills Mountain Inn, a turn of the 20th Century hotel and resort with a view of the Narrows, was located on the northern side of Wills Mountain until it was burned on August 6, 1930.</p><br>
<p>The Artmor Plastics Corporation was located on the Wills Mountain (northern) side of the Narrows in a former World War II textile factory. Artmor made household items such as plastic dishes and table tops. Following the closure of Artmor Plastics, the factory housed a museum chronicling the life of Arthur Morgan, Artmors founder and his rich art and history collection. After the death of Arthur Morgan, the building fell into disuse and disrepair and was the victim of frequent vandalism. Local officials attempted to purchase the property with State funds to add it to Wills Mountain State Park. However, they were unable to come to terms with Artmors remaining shareholders. On November 11, 2015, the southern half of the former factory building was gutted by a fire set by a local youth. The loss was estimated to be $750,000.</p><br>
<p>Hornby Castle is a country house, developed from a medieval castle, standing to the east of the village of Hornby in the Lune Valley, Lancashire, England. It occupies a position overlooking the village in a curve of the River Wenning. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is thought that the castle was originally built for the Neville family in the 13th century; this is the most likely date of the base of the tower at the back of the castle. The polygonal tower rising from this base dates from the 16th century, and was built probably for Sir Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle. His son, the second Baron Monteagle, took part in suppressing the Rising of the North in 1536. The third Baron Monteagle sold off a lot of the land and on his death in 1581 was succeeded by an only daughter, Elizabeth, who married Edward Parker, 12th Baron Morley. Their son William was made the fourth Baron Monteagle and became famous as the peer who was forewarned about the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. His son Henry was a zealous Royalist at the start of the Civil War and his estates were afterwards declared forfeit and sold. During the war itself, the castle was captured by Colonel Assheton in 1643 and occupied in 1648 by the Duke of Hamilton and his Scottish army. Although the castle was afterwards recovered by the family, Henrys son Thomas was forced by straitened financial circumstances to sell the castle to Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan in 1663. Brudenells grandson sold it in 1713 to the infamous Colonel Charteris. His daughter Janet married James Wemyss, 5th Earl of Wemyss and gave the castle to their second son Francis (who took the surname of Charteris) and remodelled the castle in about 1720. After a long legal battle over Marsdens will (he had died in 1826), Admiral Sandford Tatham regained control of the property in 1838 from George Wrights family. He died in 1840, leaving it to his nephew Pudsey Dawson the younger, High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1845.</p><br>
<p>Dawson commissioned the Lancaster architects Sharpe and Paley to rebuild much of the structure; this was carried out between 1847 and 1850. The architects retained the older parts, including the polygonal tower, but demolished or remodelled the section constructed for Charteris. This included rebuilding the front of the castle, adding wings and a portico, and replacing the round tower with a square one. The cost was at least £1,300. In 1859 the castle was inherited by Pudseys nephew, Richard Pudsey Dawson, who sold it to John Foster, a Bradford mill owner. Under his ownership, the successors in the architectural practice, Paley and Austin, made additions in 1879–82 on the west side of the building, and further alterations were made in 1890 by W. and R. Mawson of Bradford. The castle then descended via his son William Foster (1821–1884) to Williams son Colonel William Henry Foster, High Sheriff for 1891 and MP for Lancaster from 1895 to 1900.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the 20th century, some of the rooms in the east parts of the house were removed to create a courtyard. At the same time, the main internal staircase was removed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The house is constructed in sandstone rubble and it has slate roofs. Its architectural style is Perpendicular. The plan is irregular. The building is mainly in two storeys, and much of it has a battlemented parapet. The entrance front faces southwest and is almost symmetrical, with seven bays. The lateral bays project forward, as does the central three-storey porch. All the windows are mullioned, or mullioned and transomed. The lateral bays have bay windows, the upper floors of which are canted. The left bay has an additional pair of windows above the bay window. On each side of the porch are two bays containing varying types of windows. The porch has an octagonal turret on the left and a diagonal buttress on the right. In the middle storey is an oriel window, above which is a three-light window. Behind the porch, and slightly off-set to the left, is a square tower, and to its left is the taller, narrower, polygonal tower. The windows in the square tower include a partly blocked Venetian window. The courtyard created in the 20th century is behind the three right bays.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The porch has a vaulted ceiling with foliated bosses. The hall is entered through a Tudor arch containing a Gothic-style glazed timber screen. The hall contains a sandstone fireplace with a Tudor arch. Its windows contain stained glass dating from the late 19th century and moved here in the 20th century. To the left of the hall is the Library containing woodwork said to be by Gillows. The upper floor includes a billiard room with Gothic decoration. Also on the upper floor is a drawing room with a barrel vault and pendents.</p><br>
<h3>External features</h3><br>
<p>To the northeast of the main building is the earlier courtyard, now surrounded by apartments. It is entered by a gatehouse with a pointed arch. On the southwest and southeast sides of the house is a terrace with sandstone walls dating from the 19th century. Three flights of steps lead down from the terrace, and at the north end is a small semicircular building acting as a bastion. The walls are listed at Grade II. At the entrance to the drive formerly leading to the castle is a lodge and gate piers. The lodge has a canted front, a steep slated roof, and an embattled turret. The gate piers are carved with roundels containing green men and the crest of Pudsey Dawson. The lodge, gate piers and adjoining wall are also listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Hornby Castle is privately owned. The gardens are opened for special events on advertised dates.</p><br>
<p>Corcovado Volcano is a stratovolcano located about 25 km south of the mouth of Yelcho River, in the Palena Province, Los Lagos Region, Chile. The glacially eroded volcano is flanked by Holocene cinder cones. The volcano&#39;s base has likely prehistoric lava flows that are densely vegetated. The most distinctive feature of this volcano is its stepped top, similar to that of Puntiagudo Volcano. At its foot lies a series of beautiful lakes. Corcovado dominates the landscape of Gulf of Corcovado area and is visible from the Chiloé Island, weather allowing.</p><br>
<p>The volcano and the adjacent area form part of Corcovado National Park. The town of Chaitén was formerly the main gateway to this protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Corcovado has two unconfirmed eruptions in 1834 and 1835 with lava flows from flank cones, which are probably based on confusion with Michinmahuida volcano. Three tephra layers are linked to Corcovado volcano, of which the two youngest are dated 7,980 BP and 6,870 BP respectively.</p><br>
<p>Tussey Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending east of the Bald Eagle, Brush, Dunning and Evitts Mountain ridges. Its southern foot just crosses the Mason–Dixon line near Flintstone, Maryland, running north 130 km  to the Seven Mountains of central Pennsylvania, near Tusseyville, making it one of the longest named ridges in this section of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The ridge line separates Morrison Cove from the Woodcock Valley and Friends Cove from the Black Valley. Tussey Mountain lies in, and the ridge line forms parts of the borders of, Centre, Blair, Bedford and Huntingdon counties.</p><br>
<p>The Flintstone Creek runs around the southern end of the mountain in Maryland. North of there, small streams run through deep gorges, the Sweet Root and Rainsburg Gaps, near Martin Hill. At Everett the Pennsylvania Turnpike, USA Route 30, and the abandoned Huntingdon and Broad Top Mountain Railroad follow the Raystown Branch Juniata River through a deep water gap known as The Narrows. The Yellow Creek runs through Loysburg Gap at Loysburg, Pennsylvania. Maple Run Road passes through a wind gap near Pulpit Hill and Coot Hill, heading west to Woodbury. Pennsylvania Route 164 runs east out of Martinsburg, and climbs the west slope with a switchback before crossing the crest. The Frankstown Branch Juniata River runs north along the west foot of the ridge before turning east along USA Route 22 at Water Street, the river, road, and rail (abandoned PRR Petersburg Branch) crossing the ridge line through a water gap. The Little Juniata River passes through a nearby water gap at Spruce Creek along with the former Pennsylvania Railroad Main Line, which tunnels through a spur of the mountain to cut across a loop in the river. Galbraith Run passes through Galbraith Gap near the north end of the ridge, adjacent to the Tussey Mountain Ski Area in Boalsburg.</p><br>
<p>The Tussey Mountain Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes. This ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. Tussey Mountain has been designated a Pennsylvania Important Bird Area (IBA), based primarily on its importance as a spring raptor migration site, but also as a long corridor of intact forest habitat, over 50% of which is publicly owned. It is one of the best sites in the eastern United States for viewing the migration of the golden eagle. Pennsylvania&#39;s longest footpath, Mid State Trail, is atop or closely parallels Tussey Mountain for nearly its entire length.</p><br>
<p>In Blair County, Tussey Mountain is sometimes called Huntingdon Mountain, as one reaches Huntingdon by crossing it going east. Conversely, in some parts of Huntingdon County it is called Williamsburg Mountain as one reaches Williamsburg by crossing it going west.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Tussey Mountain is in the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. Brush Mountain, Mount Nittany and Bald Eagle Mountain ridges, are part of the same Paleozoic anticline rock formation consisting of older Ordovician Bald Eagle Formation Sandstone and Juniata Formation Shale, and younger Silurian Tuscarora Formation Quartzite. During the Appalachian orogeny, these layers folded up with the underlying and overlying layers into the Nittany Arch. The arch was a Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now Nittany Valley, where the oldest rock layers from deep within the eroded mountain are now exposed.</p><br>
<p>The Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than Bald Eagle Sandstone, and both are more durable than the Juniata Shale sandwiched in-between. Softer rock layers on either side of these eroded, leaving the double crested Tussey Mountain ridge, with a depression between the higher eastern and lower western ridge lines found on the northern section of the ridge. Since the rock layers on these ridges slope down to the east, the Tuscarora Formation underlies the higher crest, where it protected the east slope from erosion. Drainage from the upper slope has cut a series of small ravines in the lower ridge line, leaving a terraced lower slope in the Bald Eagle Formation. On the neighboring Bald Eagle, Brush, and Dunning Mountain ridges to the west that formed the opposite side of the ancient mountain, the same three rock layers are exposed in reverse order, with the oldest rocks in-between, near the hinge of the fold.</p><br>
<p>Lake Manych-Gudilo  is a large saltwater reservoir lake in Kalmykia, Russia. Part of the lake lies also in Rostov Oblast and Stavropol Krai. It has an area of about 344 km² and average depth of only about 0.6 m.</p><br>
<p>Lake Manych-Gudilo is the source of the West Manych River, which flows north-west, through a number of reservoirs, falling into the lower Don a short distance upstream from Rostov-on-Don and the Don&#39;s fall into the Sea of Azov.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures in the region through the year can range from -30 °C in winter to 40 °C in summer. The area is also home to many species of birds and is the site of the Chernye Zemli Biosphere Reserve.</p><br>
<p>A global sea level rise of roughly 25 metres would cause the ocean surface to be higher than the highest point of an area between the ocean and the Caspian, forming a narrow channel straddling the lake in the area between the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea, potentially placing the Caspian Depression area under water.</p><br>
<p>The African-American Cemetery, known historically as the Colored Cemetery, in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States, holds the graves of roughly 100, mostly believed to be African slaves who were brought over by the earliest settlers of the region from the Rhenish Palatinate in the mid-18th century. It is located on NY 416 0.1 mile  north of the Interstate 84 crossing, near the Wallkill River.</p><br>
<p>All the originally marked graves that have been identified have had the stones used to mark them supplemented with small pipes. Only two have any kind of discernible inscription, one of which dates its occupant&#39;s passing to 1756.</p><br>
<p>The site had grown neglected until the town and private donors undertook to fix it up in the early 1990s. It was fully restored and rededicated, with a new wooden fence and explanatory plaque, in 1995. It was then added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Umba  is a 123 km long river on the Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river&#39;s source is Lake Umbozero, 100 km northeast of Kandalaksha, located between the mountains of the Khibiny Massif and the Lovozero Tundras on the Kola Peninsula. From there it flows south, through a landscape of forests and hills. The river alternates between rapids and more quiet sections, and it flows through several lakes, the largest of which is Lake Kanozero.</p><br>
<p>The river exits from Lake Kanozero through two separate outlet channels, about five kilometers apart. The outlets are called the Kitsa and the Rodvinga, and the latter again divides forming yet another channel called the Nizma. The Kitsa and Rodvinga rejoins in Lake Ponchozero, below which the river is again called the Umba, and it is rejoined by the Nizma a few kilometers further downstream.</p><br>
<p>The river empties into the Kandalaksha Gulf at the urban-type settlement of Umba.</p><br>
<p>Its biggest tributary is the Vyala, which comes from Lake Vyalozero and joins the Umba 15 km before the outlet to the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The Umba is known as a very good river for salmon fishing. Along with the Varzuga River, it was the first river on the Kola Peninsula to be made available for fishing tourism for foreign customers in the early 1990s, and infrastructure such as fishing lodges has been built along the river to accommodate this.</p><br>
<p>However, in recent years the number of salmon has dropped, as a result of poaching by the local population, caused by an unemployment rate of a staggering 90% in the municipal centre of Umba, and made worse by the fact that drivable roads go along the banks of the entire length of the river, making it easily accessible.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>The Umba is also used for timber floating.</p><br>
<p>Semi-precious stones found in the Umba river are used for high quality, very rare jewelry.</p><br>
<p>Squaw Creek Reservoir is a 3,275-acre  impoundment located between Glen Rose, Texas and Granbury, Texas. The primary purpose is cooling for Comanche Peak Nuclear Generating Station. During full operation of both units of Comanche Peak, 2.2 e6USgal of water are pumped through the plant&#39;s main condensers from Squaw Creek Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The water is relatively clear and provides good bass fishing. The shoreline is rocky.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was built by TXU for cooling for Comanche Peak in the 1970s. It was impounded in 1979 and took 2 years to fill.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>In various years the lake has been stocked with channel catfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, shad and talapia.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is the primary recreational activity. There are camping and fishing facilities at the 475 acre (1.9 km²) Squaw Creek Park across from the nuclear plant.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>Squaw Creek Reservoir is located at 32&deg;17&prime;19&Prime;N latitude, 97&deg;45&prime;37&Prime;W longitude (32.2884749, -97.7603064) near Glen Rose. It is accessed off State Highway 144.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is managed by TXU and has been closed to the public since the attacks on September 11, 2001. Access to the reservoir was previously allowed via Squaw Creek Park.</p><br>
<p>The Squaw Creek Park is now managed by Luminant Power. They allow bank fishing from Thursday-Sunday, and boat fishing from Friday-Sunday by reservation only. The park&#39;s hours are currently 7 a.m. to 4 p.m.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy over public access</h2><br>
<p>There have been several attempts in recent years to get the lake re-opened to the public by anglers as well as recreational boaters. On February 26, 2007 TXU agreed to an estimated 45 billion dollar buyout by a group of private equity firms led by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Texas Pacific Group. This buyout has made it opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>Tell Qarqur  is a major archaeological site located in the Orontes River Valley of western Syria. Situated in a rich alluvial plain known as the Ghab valley, the double-mounded site lies near the modern Syrian town of Jisr ash-Shugur and one kilometer west of the village of Qarqur.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tell Qarqur possesses a 10,000-year history of virtually continuous occupation, from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (c. 8500 BC) through the Mamluk period (AD 1350). However, the settlement reached its greatest extent during the Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BC), and again during the Iron Age II (1000–500 BC). The site is probably best known for its probable association with the ancient town of Qarqar, the location of a major battle that occurred in 853 BC. The Battle of Qarqar, recorded both in Neo-Assyrian royal annals and on the Kurkh Monolith, was fought between the Neo-Assyrian army under the leadership of Shalmaneser III and a coalition of small Levantine kingdoms. The Levantine alliance included Biblical figures such as King Hadadezer (Ben Hadad) of Damascus and King Ahab of Israel.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The tell has two mounds, a smaller one to the north and a larger one to the south. The high mound extends to 30 m above the plain. Tell Qarqur was first subjected to scientific excavation in 1983 and 1984 by an expedition of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR) and Brigham Young University (BYU), led by John M. Lundquist of BYU. From 1993 to 1999 the site was excavated by an ASOR-sponsored expedition under the direction of Dr. Rudolph Dornemann. The excavations uncovered remains of many different phases of the site&#39;s long occupational history, but the project found especially impressive remains dating to the Early Bronze Age IV (2200–2000 BC) and the Iron Age I–II (1200–500 BC). Finds included several phases of stone-built fortification walls, numerous private houses, and a temple complex dating to the later third millennium BC. After a pause, excavations were resumed in 2005 when the University of Arkansas became a cosponsor of the project and Dr. Jesse Casana joined the expedition. Work was conducted for three seasons, in 2005, 2007 and 2008. Archeological team found out that Tell Qarqur not only survived "4.2 kiloyear event", a severe aridification event that brought collapse to nearby civilisations, but even expanded. Several important artifacts from the site are currently on display at the Hama Museum in Hama, Syria.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction of the site</h2><br>
<p>From 2014 until September 2017, the terrorist Turkistan Islamic Party, an Alqaeda offshoot, destroyed the site. Reports emerged that the destruction, which can be viewed through satellite imagery, was done under the supervision of unidentified civilians who were not Syrian nor members of the Turkistan Islamic Party militants.</p><br>
<p>Little Ararat, also known as Mount Sis or Lesser Ararat , is the sixth tallest peak in Turkey. It is a large satellite cone located on the eastern flank of the massive Mount Ararat, less than five miles west of Turkey&#39;s border with Iran. Despite being dwarfed by its higher and far more famous neighbor, Little Ararat is a significant volcano of its own with an almost perfectly symmetrical, conical form and smooth constructional slopes. It rises about 1,200 m  above the saddle connecting it with the main peak.</p><br>
<p>On, Baltic German explorer Friedrich Parrot and Armenian writer Khachatur Abovian climbed Little Ararat. Its peak and eastern flank were on the Iranian side of the border until the 1930s. During the Kurdish Ararat rebellion, the Kurdish rebels used the area "as a haven against the state in their uprising." Turkey crossed the border and militarily occupied the region, which Iran eventually agreed to cede to Ankara in a territorial exchange.</p><br>
<p>Villard Hall is a historic building located in Eugene, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1886, it is the second-oldest building on the University of Oregon campus after Deady Hall. The Second Empire-style building was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Deady and Villard Halls were together designated as one USA National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Villard Hall was named for Henry Villard, a railroad magnate and philanthropist who was the University of Oregon&#39;s first benefactor. He provided financial aid to the university in 1886. Before its naming, Villard Hall was known as "the new building."</p><br>
<p>The building now houses the university&#39;s comparative literature and theater arts departments, as well as the Robinson Theater.</p><br>
<p>Thapsos  was a prehistoric village in Sicily of the middle Bronze Age. It was found by the Italian archaeologist Paolo Orsi on the small peninsula of Magnisi, near Priolo Gargallo. In its vicinity was born the Culture of Thapsos, one of the most important prehistoric cultures in Sicily .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site is very interesting for its village - the first known city in Sicily - and for its rich necropolis. David Abulafia writes:A settlement at Thapsos, an offshore island in eastern Sicily, offers evidence of a sophisticated, imported culture, Mycenaean in origin. The settlers created a grid-like town with streets up to four metres wide, spacious houses built round courtyards, and tombs full of Late Helladic wares from the Greek lands, suggesting a veritable foreign colony on the site. Indeed, the closest analogy to the layout of the houses in Thapsos is to be found at the other end of the Mycenaean world, on Cyprus, at Enkomi near Famagusta. It is almost as if a blueprint for a trading colony had been created and then transformed into reality at both ends of the Mycenaean world. Thapsos has yielded very many small perfume containers of Mycenaean origin. For it was a centre of industry, specializing in the production of perfumed oils for an international market. But Thapsos was not simply an offshoot of Mycenae. It produced plenty of coarse grey pottery in Sicilian styles, indicating that Thapsos contained a mixed population.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Beacon, New York, is located on Main Street . It serves the ZIP Code 12508, covering the entire city of Beacon and some of the neighboring areas of the Town of Fishkill. It is a stone structure in the Dutch Colonial Revival architectural style built in the mid-1930s. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with many other older post offices in the state.</p><br>
<p>While its style was not uncommon for post offices of the era, its fieldstone exterior is. Only a few other New Deal post offices in the state, most of them also in Dutchess County towns along the Hudson River, used it. President Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s preferred that new post offices in his native region echo the architectural preferences of his Dutch ancestors who had been among the earliest settlers of the Hudson Valley, and the success of the Beacon post office may have encouraged him in that respect.</p><br>
<p>It was also the only federal building in New York designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, who lived in Idaho and primarily worked on buildings in the national parks of the West, closer to his home. Inside the building, Charles Rosen painted a map of the Hudson Valley on the lobby walls, in addition to some murals depicting historic events in the area. Both interior and exterior remain largely as originally constructed.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is located on the south side of Main about 0.6 mile (1 km) east of Beacon&#39;s Lower Main Street commercial area. It is at the corner of Main and Veterans Street, a short distance east of where Eliza Street intersects across the street. The neighborhood is heavily developed and urban. On both sides of the street are similar large commercial and institutional structures, most one or two stories tall. an early work of Richard Morris Hunt also listed on the Register, two blocks east at the corner of Main and Tioronda Avenue, which runs alongside Fishkill Creek.</p><br>
<p>Behind the buildings on both sides of the streets are parking lots. To the southeast another Register-listed property, the 1709 stone Madam Brett Homestead, sits in the middle of a large woodlot on a block east of Teller Avenue. Otherwise the adjacent neighborhoods are residential.</p><br>
<p>The building itself has a minimal setback from both Main and Veterans streets. A group of coniferous trees screens the northwest corner; a white birch tree rises from the east side of the north (front) facade. Along the northeast corner is a driveway to the parking lot in the rear, with a small guardrail of metal set in fieldstone separating it from Veterans Street.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>It is a five-by-six-bay one-story rectangular building faced in uncoursed rough fieldstone. A three-bay wide middle section flanked by projecting one-by-three-bay wings. The two sections create a cross-gabled roof topped with slate and centered around a cupola. On the southwest and southeast corners the roofs are flat.</p><br>
<p>Three short steps lead up to the main entrance, with paneled wooden double doors flanked by decorative lanterns and topped with an 18-light transom set in a lintel with keystone. On either side are triple-hung eight-light sash windows with a similar treatment. The windows on the wings are six-over-six double-hung sash, also with gently keystoned lintels, except for the third bay from the south end, set with a four-pane casement window. At the south end is a covered platform with elevated loading dock.</p><br>
<p>On the north facade a denticulated cornice sets off the top of the first story of the middle section. It continues around the pedimented gable end, filled with a stucco tympanum. Within is a cast pewter eagle; below the words "United States Post Office Beacon New York" are spelled out in affixed metal letters in the entablature.</p><br>
<p>A molded wooden cornice is located along the roofline of the wings. Their gable ends are also stucco, but with a single louvered lunette in the center. The cornice continues along the south end of the main block, where it is topped with a parapet where the roof is flat. Brick chimneys rise from both flat sections.</p><br>
<p>The cupola has three stages. Its lower level is a square pedestal with molded cornice. Above it is a section with arched windows and pilasters. The third stage is an octagonal section with louvered vents. The roof of the cupola is a curved cone of lead-covered copper topped by a round finial that supports a weathervane.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Behind the main entrance doors is a vestibule of glazed wood and glass. The marble floor, white with grey veins, is complemented by a six-foot high (2 m) dado of the same material around the room in which post office boxes are set along the south wall next to a single large customer window. Marble is also used for the pilasters supporting the segmental arches that give into the alcoves at either end of the lobby. Their intrados are coffered with decorative rosettes.</p><br>
<p>Above the dado the plaster walls feature a large mural depicting a map of the Hudson Valley, showing county boundaries and scenic highlights. At the ends, in the rear of the alcoves, the murals depict local historic landscapes such as Beacon Mountain. Above the murals is a frieze with triglyphs interrupted by metal grilles.</p><br>
<p>Four glass globes hang from the ceiling by metal chains, providing illumination. Customer tables are of glass with metal stands. In the northwest corner a railing with a curvilinear design runs along the staircase to the basement. To the south are the non-public areas of the building, which include offices and sorting rooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Beacon was incorporated in 1913 following the merger of two small villages near the confluence of the Hudson and Fishkill Creek: Matteawan, in the area where the post office is presently located, named for a textile factory that used the creek for power; and Fishkill Landing, the area around Lower Main Street and the train station, one and a half miles (2.4 km) to the west on the river. It took its name from the mountain rising to its east, which had been the site of a bonfire pile meant to be lit as a beacon warning troops of the Continental Army in the valley if British ships were coming upriver in an attempt to retake it during the Revolutionary War. Its first post office was located at the corner of Main and North Cedar streets, two blocks west of the current location, in a building that, while constructed for that purpose, was only leased by the federal government.</p><br>
<p>It was always the government&#39;s intention to own its post office building in Beacon, and in 1931 amendments to the Public Buildings Act authorized the construction of over a hundred post offices in New York, including the current building at the current site, as an early response to the economic hardship of the Great Depression. However, it would be another four years until work actually began. After Congress appropriated $110,000 ($ in modern dollars) for the project in 1935, it took another two years to complete.</p><br>
<p>The choice of Colonial Revival as the architectural style for the new post office was not unusual; it was preferred for many of the new post offices built at that time in smaller communities around the country. The Beacon post office exemplifies many of the Colonial Revival&#39;s prominent features: large multipaned sash windows, symmetrical composition, gabled roofs with cupola, and pediments with fanlights. Originally, it was even more typical, as the triple-hung sash flanking the main entrance was 15-over-20 double-hung.</p><br>
<p>What distinguishes the Beacon post office from other Colonial Revival post offices of the era is its use of locally sourced fieldstone as a structural and facial material. Usually, brick was preferred for government buildings in the style. Beacons was the first fieldstone post office in the state; only a few other ones used it. Most of them are elsewhere in Dutchess County, further north up the east side of the Hudson River, in Wappingers Falls (now used as that communitys village hall), Poughkeepsie, Hyde Park and Rhinebeck.</p><br>
<p>Outside those four only the post offices in Ellenville and Harrison, in Ulster and Westchester counties respectively, use stone among New York post offices from the 1930s. Beacons successful use of fieldstone may have inspired President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a native of Dutchess County, to dictate its use in the other four post offices, as it had been the building material of choice for the early Dutch settlers of the region, including his ancestors. He later intervened across the river in Ellenville when residents there complained to him about the Post Offices plan to use brick in defiance of their wishes. However, those post offices all were designed in imitation of specific buildings (some no longer extant) from the colonial era; only Beacon and Harrison were designed like other contemporary Colonial Revival post offices.</p><br>
<p>Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood was familiar with stone, having used it for his buildings in national parks in the West near his Sun Valley, Idaho, home, such as Bryce Canyon Lodge, the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park and Grand Canyon Lodge, all later designated National Historic Landmarks. He had been retained by the Treasury Departments Supervising Architect to help with the increased workload brought on by the expansion of public building projects during Roosevelts New Deal. Most of his work would be done in the West, and the Beacon post office was the only federal building he designed in New York, and a rare small building at a time when Underwood had been doing primarily large ones like the lodges and what is today the Harry S Truman Building in Washington.</p><br>
<p>Inside, Charles Rosen, who had been awarded the commission by the Treasurys Relief Arts Project (TRAP), painted the mural, one of 15 public artworks that program, which unlike the departments larger Fine Arts Section did not rely on competitions to select artists, sponsored in post offices around New York. In addition to the large map of the Hudson Valley, Rosen and his assistant Clarence Bolton painted small landscapes of the area with titles like View of Beacon from the River, The Old Power House and Waterfall, and The Old Swedish Church. Three years later Rosen was awarded the commission to paint similar landscapes of the Poughkeepsie area for that city&#39;s post office.</p><br>
<p>Since the post office was built, the most visible change has been the replacement of the front flanking windows. The other windows, originally 12-over-12 double-hung sash, have been replaced as well with their current six-over-six. Other windows, such as the small mezzanine windows that were once in dormers on the rear section, and an arched window on the south facade, have been filled in completely. Inside, the original teller windows have been replaced with one large one. Otherwise the building remains in its original condition and appearance.</p><br>
<p>Cannington Camp is a Bronze Age and Iron Age hill fort near Cannington, Somerset, England. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The small hill rises to 80 m above low-lying land about 1.5 km west of the tidal estuary of the River Parrett, near the ancient port and ford at Combwich. The hill fort is roughly square in shape, with a single rampart (univallate) enclosing 5 ha (12 acres), and the main entrance to the south-east. The north side of the hill has been destroyed by quarrying during the 19th and 20th centuries. Minor excavations were carried out in 1905, 1913 (Bezell), and 1963 (Rahtz).</p><br>
<p>Flint tools, scrapers and flakes have been found on or near the hill, indicating Mesolithic occupation. Bronze Age finds include an axe head and a knife. The area destroyed by quarrying was a late Roman and Saxon cemetery, with several hundred E-W (Christian) graves, and various grave goods such as coins and pottery from the period 350-800 AD.</p><br>
<p>It is possibly the site of Cynwit Castle (or Cynuit, Cynwith, Cynwits, etc.) and the Battle of Cynwit between Saxons and Vikings in 878 AD (see map). It may also be the location of an earlier battle in 845 AD, when the Saxons were led by Eanwulf and Ealstan, Bishop of Sherborne.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places from the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Koněprusy Caves  is a cave system in the heart of the limestone region known as Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic. It is located southwest of Prague, 6 km south of Beroun in the Central Bohemian Region. The name derives from nearby village of Koněprusy. With the length of 2 km and vertical range of 70 m, it is the largest cave system in Bohemia.</p><br>
<h2>The caves</h2><br>
<p>A hill called Zlatý kůň (Golden Horse) rises above the village of Koněprusy close to another hill called Kobyla (Mare), and nearby is a place called V koníku (In a Little Horse). A short journey westward leads to Kotýz, a karst plateau. Many legends have been woven about Kotýz and one of them tells about sacred horses used by the Celts for campaigns of war. A prehistoric settlement existed here, which, in Celtic times, some experts believe might well have served as a place of cult worship; druids possibly maintained a cult of the horse here.</p><br>
<p>Golden Horse hill conceals the most extensive cave system in Bohemia, accidentally discovered after an explosion in a nearby limestone quarry in 1950 and subsequently were made accessible for the public in 1959. Spanning two kilometers and three levels, the cave system inside the Zlatý kůň hill consists of passages and domed chambers interconnected by shafts developed in limestone of the Devonian age. The caves were formed by a small stream at the end of the Tertiary period, as well as by rainfall that seeped through cracks in the limestone. Rich speleothem formations were created by copious amounts of stalagmites and stalactites as well as by little sinter lakes. A tour leads visitors through the upper and middle levels, that present a chain of domed chambers, caverns and passages with dark abysses between them. The most beautiful area is deemed by experts to be the extensive Prošek chamber with its sinter Jezírko lásky (Little lake of love). The cave also offers the spetacular "Koněprusy Roses", a sight that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. They were formed by calcium carbonate dissolved in water, which then gradually precipitated on the walls of the underground lake in the shape of bushes, the tips of which later fell away to create an unusual formation reminiscent of rose blooms.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>In the earth filled parts of the caves paleontologists have excavated thousands of prehistoric animal bones from the Pleistocene period. Dating back 2000,000 to 3000,000 years, findings include the remains of the ancestors of the elephant mastodon, sabre-tooth tiger, monkey, cave bear, deer, reindeer, cave lion, woolly rhino, wolf, beaver, hyena and horse amongst others.</p><br>
<p>The fossilized bones of prehistoric humans aged about 13,000 years, stone tools and decorative objects from the early Stone Age provide evidence that prehistoric man also found refuge in the caves. A counterfeiter&#39;s workshop, since dubbed "the Mint", was discovered by pot holers on the upper level of the caves. Here from 1460 to 1470 unknown forgers made the Hussite coins bearing the symbol of the Czech lion. Instead of silver they used copper thinly covered with silver amalgam. The descended underground through a shaft near the top of the Golden Horse hill. It offers panoramic views in all directions; when the weather is fine about one-sixth of Bohemia is visible. The tour of the caves is 620 m long and lasts about one hour.</p><br>
<p>The Beulah Brinton House is a historically and architecturally significant house at 2590 S. Superior Street in the Bay View neighborhood of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beulah Brinton was an admired and important figure in Bay View&#39;s early history. In the 1870s new immigrant workers (primarily from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Italy) flocked to Bay View to work at the Bay View Rolling Mill. As recent immigrants, they usually did not speak English, sometimes needed medical assistance, and were homesick and in need of recreation and a community. Brinton welcomed the workers and their families into her home, where she taught them how to read, sew, and perform other valuable skills.</p><br>
<p>To introduce Bay View residents to tennis, she built a tennis court in her side yard so they could learn and play the sport, which was relatively new to the United States. She kept tennis rackets in a box on her back porch so they were readily available. Brinton encouraged theater, and often played the piano so that couples could dance. Her collection of over 300 books became the first library in Bay View. What Brinton did with her home was similar to the efforts Jane Addams put into the more renowned Hull House (though Beulah Brinton house activities pre-date the Hull House).</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Beulah Brinton House is the headquarters for the Bay View Historical Society. It is frequently used in Society functions. The Bay View Historical Society Archives are upstairs, and are available for viewing during the afternoon of every third Saturday of the month. The gift shop sells vintage-style postcards of early Bay View and Bay View souvenirs. The Beulah Brinton house contains an archive of antiques in the home, including dresses, hats, photos, and paintings from the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The home is the venue for two independent annual series of concerts organized by and</p><br>
<p>The Beulah Brinton House parlor and outdoor gazebo are available for weddings, meetings, and community events. For contact information visit</p><br>
<p>Ilhéu de Sal Rei is an uninhabited islet near the coast of Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde. It is located 1 km southwest of the island capital Sal Rei. Administratively it is part of the municipality of Boa Vista. Its length is 1.88 km from northwest to southeast and approximately 0.88 km from southwest to northeast, its highest point is 27 m  and the coastline is 8.07 km.</p><br>
<h2>About the islet</h2><br>
<p>The geology consists of basaltic and limestone rock. Ponta de Escuma is also a promontory and being the islets westernmost point. A narrow strait to its northeast separates it from Boa Vista island by 500 to 600 meters due to Sal Reis port expansion, before, it was separated by a kilometer and its area was at the port and Praia da Chave. On the southern tip of the island, the ruined Portuguese fort Duque de Bragança is situated. In 1818, a pirate ship from South America seized the fort.</p><br>
<p>During the last Ice Age, it was entirely a part of the western portion of the "Northeast Island" which included what is now João Valente, a reef, later it became Boa Vista, the land was reduced to being Sal Rei Peninsula until around 4,000 to 3,000 BC when it separated from Boa Vista island, the northeastern part became a harbour.</p><br>
<p>The entire islet is a natural monument which protect its flora and fauna of the island, its area is 92.6 hectares, part of it is a marine portion</p><br>
<h2>Ponta da Escuma Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The island has a lighthouse named Ponta de Escuma, built in 1888, consisted of a concrete staircase 5 m high with the light on the top. The current light is a cylindrical metal mast 7.9 m high with balcony and lantern. According to the NGA the light is still active, has a solar power unit and emits five flashes white or red depending from the direction in a twenty seconds period visible up to 11 nautical miles.</p><br>
<p>Quetrupillán is a stratovolcano located in the La Araucanía Region of Chile. It is situated between Villarrica and Lanín volcanoes, within Villarrica National Park. Geologically, Quetrupillán is located in a tectonic basement block between the main traces of Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault  and Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault .</p><br>
<p>The volcano consists of one stratovolcano with a summit caldera, and is constructed within a field of smaller centres and a larger caldera. It was active during the late Pleistocene; some large eruptions occurred during the Holocene as well.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>Quetrupillán lies on the border between the Los Rios Region and the La Araucanía Region, in the Southern Volcanic Zone. Together with Villarica and Lanín it forms a northwest-southeast alignment of volcanoes, which may be a transcurrent fault. The Cordillera El Mocho and Quinquilil volcanoes are likewise situated on this alignment, both are deeply eroded composite volcanoes of small dimensions. Other volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone have similar alignments, such as Nevados de Chillán and Puyehue-Cordon Caulle. In comparison to Villarica, Quetrupillán has been less active and its eruptions were also smaller than Villarica&#39;s, with no large pyroclastic flows found at Quetrupillán.</p><br>
<p>Quetrupillán is a 2,360 m high composite stratovolcano with a 3 km wide caldera. The volcano contains in total two nested calderas, the larger of which is 7 x wide, and a field of lava domes, maars and pyroclastic cones that occupy a surface of 400 km&sup2;. These subsidiary vents include the scoria cone Huililco, the Volcanes de Llancahue and the Volcanoes de Reyehueico. Fissure vents of Pleistocene-Holocene age occur on the southern side of the volcano. The small volume of the main Quetrupillán edifice and the widespread vents may reflect the interaction between the volcano and the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault, which generated fault-controlled secondary vents.</p><br>
<p>A number of eruption products show traces of ice-lava interactions. A geomagnetic anomaly at shallow depth south of the volcano may be a pluton associated with a resurgent dome.</p><br>
<p>Three different formations make up the basement of Quetrupillán: The Triassic Panguipulli, the possibly Cretaceous Currarehue and the Miocene Trápatrapa formations and plutonic rocks.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Volcanic rocks at Quetrupillán have a bimodal composition, ranging from basalt to andesite, and overall more silicic than the rocks erupted by Villarrica and Lanín. Unusually for the region, trachydacite also occurs at the volcano. These contain phenocrysts of plagioclase and pyroxene, with additional microphenocrysts of ilmenite and magnetite.</p><br>
<p>Based on the composition, it has been inferred that the magma reservoir of Quetrupillán contained a mush of crystals, from which magma was repeatedly mobilized following the injection of fresh magmas that reheated the mush.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Eruptive activity at Quetrupillán commenced before the ice ages. The first phase of activity involved the formation of calderas and stratovolcanoes; later during the ice ages lava flows and ignimbrites were emplaced. Finally, the present stratovolcano with its caldera was emplaced towards the end of glaciation; parasitic vents formed even later.</p><br>
<p>Quetrupillán has erupted pyroclastics, which have formed flow and pumice deposits east of the volcano. Several phases of volcanic activity have been inferred from the deposits; most of them feature either pumiceous or scoriaceous pyroclastic flow deposits with varying contents of juvenile lapilli, lithics and ash fall deposits.</p><br>
<p>The Moraga sequence was formed 12,720 ± 40 - 12,690 ± 40 years before present during one rather prolonged eruption.</p><br>
<p>The Puala sequence was formed 10,240 ± 40 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The Trancura sequence was formed 8,680 ± 40 years before present and has a similar composition to the Avutardas sequence.</p><br>
<p>The Carén sequence was formed 3,800 ± 30 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The Correntoso sequence was formed 2,930 ± 30 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The Trancas Negras sequence was formed 2,060 ± 30 years before present.</p><br>
<p>The Puesco sequence was formed 1,650 ± 70 years before present, during the largest known eruption of Quetrupillán. This eruption created a 25 km high eruption column and deposited about 0.26 km3 of rock. A volcanic explosivity index of 4 has been assigned to this event.</p><br>
<p>The Carén sequence was formed 1,380 ± 30 years before present, it is the youngest explosive eruption of Quetrupillán.</p><br>
<p>In addition, three tephras in neighbouring lakes dated to 16,748 - 16,189, 15,597 - 12,582 and 12,708 - 12,567 years before present may originate from Quetrupillán but they have also been attributed to Sollipulli. All these tephras are of rhyolitic to rhyodacitic composition and the eruptions that generated them have an estimated volcanic explosivity index of 3.</p><br>
<p>Reports exist of eruptions during the 19th century, one eruption was reported in 1872. Explosive activity has a recurrence interval of about 1,200 years, which given the age of the last event carries significant implications with regards to the volcanic hazard of Quetrupillán.</p><br>
<p>The former Lewis Tompkins Hose Company No. 1 Firehouse, sometimes known as 5/33, was the first built in what later became the city of Beacon, New York. Designed by Schuyler Tillman and Benjamin Hall in a Second Empire style, it was completed in 1893. It is located at 140 Main Street, a block away from NY 9D, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Lewis Tompkins</h2><br>
<p>Lewis Tompkins, was born at the family farm near Ashland (Greene County), August 5, 1836. Tompkins was descended from an old English family and related to Daniel D. Tompkins, vice-president of the United States from 1816 to 1820. When he was about seventeen, he began to learn the trade of hat finishing with Strong & Ruggles, of Ashland. In the summer of 1860 he went to Matteawan, where he was employed for with the Seamless Clothing Manufacturing Co. later he was in business as a clothier at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. In 1873 he built a large hat factory near the river at Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, and Dutchess Hat Works was put into successful operation. The business grew and a branch was established at Tioronda, a mile away. He became the leading manufacturer of wool hats in the United States, and at his death his fortune amounted to several hundred thousand dollars.</p><br>
<p>He was greatly interested in local progress and was a member of the board of education at Matteawan, and was at one time president of the village of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson. It was largely through his endeavors that Matteawan and Fishkill-on-the-Hudson secured new school buildings. One feature of his enterprise was the erection of homes for his employees. The building of the hose house of the Lewis Tompkins Hose Co. was chiefly due to him. Highland Hospital was a charity which he supported. The family residence is appropriately named &#39; Edgewater, " being situated on the bank of the Hudson opposite</p><br>
<p>Newburgh, and commanded a lovely view up and down the river. He died at his home on the 9th day of January, 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Lewis Tompkins Hose Company</h2><br>
<p>Beacon Engine Company was organized in the Village of Matteawan on October 5, 1886. In the winter of 1886 in the village of Fishkill Landing, Beacon&#39;s second fire company, the Lewis Tompkins Hose Company was organized. The first piece of rolling stock to be used by the company was an 1886 hand drawn hose cart which soon outlived its usefulness.</p><br>
<h3>Ben the firehorse</h3><br>
<p>The 1886 hand drawn hose cart apparatus was replaced in 1903 with a horse-drawn wagon. This wagon was drawn by the faithful Ben, a large greyish-white horse that served for eighteen years before retiring. Tompkins Hose the only Fire Company in either Fishkill-on-the-Hudson or Matteawan to own a firehorse, while the others companies had to obtain one as needed from one of the local stables. Ben was replaced in 1918 when the company became the proud possessor of a shiney red Ahrens-Fox fire engine. Ben was later buried in Glenham.</p><br>
<h3>Tompkins Hose Firehouse</h3><br>
<p>Tompkins Hose Company re-located to new quarters on South Avenue in 1980. The old firehouse was taken out of service, and hosted a number of local not-for-profit agencies before being redeveloped into an award-winning glass studio. The building is a contributing property to the Lower Main Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Re-development</h2><br>
<p>On April 8, 2005 Dutchess County Executive William R. Steinhaus announced an award for a local business, Hudson Beach Glass, of Beacon in the form of a low interest business loan in the amount of $300,000. The loan was part of an economic development project under Dutchess County’s Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG). CDBG funding is provided through the USA Department of Housing and Urban Development. County Executive Steinhaus said, “The development of the property not only enhances the Main Street in Beacon but will provide additional job opportunities to individuals that are low to moderate income.” County Executive Steinhaus added, “This project is a tremendous asset to the west end of Beacon’s Main Street. The retail showroom and glass workshop compliment Beacon’s growing small business and arts culture.”</p><br>
<p>Michael Benzer and John Gilvey, partners in a studio line of art glass giftware, Hudson Beach Glass, purchased a property at 162 Main Street in Beacon NY, in the West End Historic District, that originally was Tompkins Hose Firehouse." Beacon City Mayor, Clara Lou Gould stated, “The Hudson Beacon Glass restoration of the historic Lewis Tompkins Hose Firehouse, a very visible building in the West End Historic District which is on the National Register, preserves an important part of the city&#39;s history. The use of the building to display and sell quality hand-crafted glass products is an attraction for both residents and visitors."</p><br>
<p>Paradise Valley is a major river valley of the Yellowstone River in southwestern Montana just north of Yellowstone National Park in Park County, Montana. The valley is flanked by the Absaroka Range on the east and the Gallatin Range on the west.</p><br>
<p>The Paradise Valley is separated from the Gallatin Valley and Bozeman, MT by the Bozeman Pass. Interstate 90 passes through both communities. The valley lies predominantly along a north–south axis, and is anchored to the north by Livingston, Montana and to the south by Yankee Jim Canyon, approximately fifteen miles north of Gardiner, Montana and the north entrance of Yellowstone Park. US Highway 89 passes through the valley and into Yellowstone National Park. The Paradise Valley was the original entrance to Yellowstone. Today, the other entrances to the park are at West Yellowstone, MT from the west via U.S. Route 191/U.S. Route 287 or US Highway 20, from the northeast at Cooke City-Silver Gate, Montana via U.S. Route 212, from the east at Cody, WY via US Highway 14/U.S. Route 16/US Highway 20, and from the south at Grand Teton National Park and Jackson, WY via US Highway 89/U.S. Route 191/U.S. Route 287.</p><br>
<p>The Yellowstone River flows through the valley and is noted for world-class fly fishing in the river and nearby spring creeks such as DePuy Spring Creek. The valley hosts other natural wonders such as several natural hot springs, including Chico Hot Springs near Emigrant, Montana, La Duke Hot Springs near Gardiner, and Hunter&#39;s Hot Springs near Livingston.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cowen is the largest peak near the valley, at 11,212 ft in elevation. It is located in the southern portion of the valley on the eastern side of the river within the Absaroka mountain range.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>* Church Universal and Triumphant, religious organization</p><br>
<p>* Casey Anderson, grizzly bear specialist, animal magnet</p><br>
<p>* Al Agnew, artist</p><br>
<p>* John Banovich, artist/conservationist</p><br>
<p>* Richard Brautigan, poet</p><br>
<p>* Jeff Bridges, actor</p><br>
<p>* Al Feldstein, Mad magazine founder</p><br>
<p>* Peter Fonda, actor/director</p><br>
<p>* Margot Kidder, actress</p><br>
<p>* Patrick Markey, producer</p><br>
<p>* John Mayer, singer-songwriter</p><br>
<p>* Thomas McGuane, author</p><br>
<p>* Ken Niles, radio announcer, actor</p><br>
<p>* Wendell Niles, radio announcer, actor</p><br>
<p>* Christopher Paolini, author</p><br>
<p>* Missi Pyle, actress</p><br>
<p>* Dennis Quaid, actor</p><br>
<p>* Eduardo Garcia, Chef, Outdoorsman, public speaker</p><br>
<p>Childs-Irving Hydroelectric Facilities consisted of two 20th-century power plants, a dam, and related infrastructure along or near Fossil Creek in the USA state of Arizona. The complex was named an Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1971 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places 20 years later. Decommissioned in 2005, the plants no longer produce electricity, and much of the infrastructure&mdash;including the dam, the Irving Power Plant, and thousands of feet of concrete flumes&mdash;have been removed, and the creek&#39;s original flow has been restored.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The water rights of Fossil Creek, which flows from the Mogollon Rim near Strawberry, Arizona, to the Verde River downstream of Camp Verde, were purchased in 1900 by rancher Lew Turner. His goal was to generate hydroelectric power for sale to mining communities in the Bradshaw Mountains and Black Hills in Yavapai County, such as the copper mines at Jerome.</p><br>
<p>Arizona Power Company&mdash;later a part of the Arizona Public Service Company (APS)&mdash;began construction of the Childs Power Plant in 1908. Because the land around Fossil Creek consists mainly of mountainous terrain and canyons, and the nearest railroad station was in Mayer, more than 400 mules and 600 men were used to pull more than 150 wagons along the 40 mi trail from Mayer to the stream. Most of the workers were Apache and Mojave Indians, who built a dam, powerhouse, and about 8,800 ft of concrete flumes to carry water to the Childs plant, along the Verde River near the mouth of the creek.</p><br>
<p>The Irving plant, along the creek between Childs and Fossil Springs, was constructed in 1915&ndash;16. The system of canyons and steep falls from the springs to the Verde River outlet provided an ideal location for a hydroelectric plant. The constant flow of 43 cuft/s from the springs, the creek&#39;s main water source, was also a factor in site selection. Once completed, the two plants combined to produce 4.2 megawatts of electrical power.</p><br>
<p>To build the Childs plant, the Arizona Power Company raised money through investment bonds sold by William Bonbright and Company. The plant was named for S. W. Childs, the Bonbright Company&#39;s bond-broker. The Irving plant was named for Irving Bonbright, a co-founder of the Bonbright Company. The reservoir known as Stehr Lake was named for Frederick W. Stehr, treasurer of the Arizona Power Company.</p><br>
<p>The American Society of Mechanical Engineers named Childs-Irving an Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1976. In 1991, Childs-Irving was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, after assessing costs, the plants&#39; relatively low production of electricity, and the goodwill to be generated from stream restoration, APS closed both power plants. In 2008, APS removed the diversion dam, the flumes, and access roads, and planted native vegetation near the dam site.</p><br>
<h2>Flume and tunnels</h2><br>
<p>The first stage of development included a flume and tunnels made of concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Stehr Lake</h2><br>
<p>Between the Irving and Childs plants, the creek water exited the flume and tunnels and entered an artificial reservoir, Stehr Lake. The lake provided a backup water supply for the Childs plant when the flume system above the lake was shut down for maintenance. The lake held enough water to run the plant normally for 3.5 days.</p><br>
<p>Fossil Springs and Creek were so named due to the large amount of calcium carbonate in the water, causing bone-like deposits, or travertine, to form in and around the creek bed.</p><br>
<p>Fort OBrien State Historic Site, also known as Fort Machias, preserves the remains of a fort located in Machiasport, Maine that was built and destroyed three times over a 90-year period. It was involved in military actions during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is now managed by the Maine Department of Conservations Bureau of Parks and Lands, and is open between Memorial Day and Labor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fort O&#39;Brien is located on the western shore of the Machias River, a short way north of its mouth at Machias Bay and south of the village center of Machiasport. It is a roughly 2 acre parcel, with a small parking area and a grassy area near the riverbank where the fortifications originally stood. Earthworks and a flagpole mark the location of the Civil War defenses, while the Revolutionary War-era earthworks, located just to their north, are obscured by scrubby growth.</p><br>
<p>When the American Revolutionary War broke out in April 1775, the Machias area became one of interest to British authorities in besieged Boston as a source of lumber and supplies. An expedition to the area to acquire materials resulted in the naval Battle of Machias on June 11–12, 1775, in which a small Royal Navy ship was captured by the colonists led by Jeremiah O&#39;Brien, for whom the fort is named. After this event a number of fortifications were erected on the Machias River, including a four-gun battery at this point. This fortification was destroyed when the British returned in force in 1777, sparking a second battle.</p><br>
<p>In the War of 1812, the British returned to Machias, destroying this fortification and burning its barracks in 1814. A five-gun battery was installed at the site in 1863, during the American Civil War, but saw no action. Although its military equipment was removed, a Civil War-era 12-pound "Napoleon" cannon now stands on site.</p><br>
<p>The fortification was deeded to the state by the federal government in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Baugh Fell  is a large, flat-topped hill in the northern Pennines of England. It lies in the north-western corner of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, immediately to the east of the Howgill Fells and to the north of Whernside, the highest of the Yorkshire Three Peaks. Formerly in the West Riding of Yorkshire, since 1974 it has been part of the county of Cumbria.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Baugh Fell is bounded by Garsdale to the south and by the valley of the River Rawthey to the west; on the north-eastern side it adjoins Swarth Fell and Wild Boar Fell. The fell sprawls over a wide area, roughly 45 km&sup2; in size, with generally steep slopes on the Garsdale side and gentler slopes to the west. The Rawthey rises high up on the summit plateau (where it is called Rawthey Gill) and initially flows north, before turning south to form the hill&#39;s western boundary. The eastern limit of the fell is marked by Grisedale Beck, the main tributary of the Clough River which flows through Garsdale.</p><br>
<p>The summit plateau is L-shaped, incised in the middle by Rawthey Gill, and measures some 4 km from end to end. The rock of the plateau is millstone grit, with sandstone and limestone on the flanks, and the Dent Fault ends on the western slope. The highest point at Tarn Rigg Hill (678 m) is in enclosed ground (now with open access), but the trig point on Knoutberry Haw is only two metres lower and provides excellent views of the Three Peaks, the Howgill Fells, the Lake District and surrounding countryside as far as Blackpool Tower on a clear day. Better views down Wensleydale and the Eden valley may be obtained from Grisedale Pike, a slight projection on the eastern flank of Baugh Fell just over a mile from the summit.</p><br>
<p>There are five small lakes or tarns, called the East Tarns, grouped together on the eastern part of the plateau just to the north of the summit of Tarn Rigg Hill. The West Tarn, meanwhile, lies at the north-western end of the summit plateau at, and is difficult to find on the almost flat top because it nestles in a slight hollow, even though it can be seen from the trig point. It may be located from the latter by following the western rim of the plateau, overlooking Sedbergh, until two cairns point the way to the tarn.</p><br>
<h2>Access and routes</h2><br>
<p>Although there are no public rights of way to the summit of Baugh Fell, most of the fell is uncultivated moorland and as such is designated as access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, allowing walkers freedom to roam. There are several bridleways giving access to the open fell from the Rawthey valley to the west, while a public footpath from Uldale to Grisedale forms the northern limit of Baugh Fell. There is also open access from Garsdale Foot and West Hind Keld on the south-western slopes, from Grisedale on the north-eastern slopes, and from parts of Fell End on the north-western slopes. There is no public access from Garsdale, though some landowners might allow walkers to pass through cultivated land with permission. From the east the Grisedale road give access to the moor near Riggs giving an easy to follow route up to the trig point by simply following the wall. Once on the open fell there are no established routes to the summit, since the slopes are mostly gentle. Baugh Fell does not share the popularity of the nearby Lake District or the Yorkshire Three Peaks, and even on bank holiday weekends it is mostly unfrequented.</p><br>
<p>Cheekha Dar, Çîxî Derê" or "چیخی دەرێ" The Outer Row, is the local Kurdish name for the mountain currently thought to be the highest in Iraq. It is claimed to be 3,611 metres high in the CIA World Factbook. It is 6 kilometres north of the village of Gundah Zhur and is on the border with Iran.</p><br>
<p>It was climbed in November 2004 by English explorer Ginge Fullen, who recorded a GPS reading of 3,628 meters at the coordinates in the adjacent table. The location is consistent with SRTM and Russian topographic mapping, although these sources are more consistent with the CIA height.</p><br>
<p>The first reported winter ascent was by Jonathan Beswick and Matthew DuPuy on March 18, 2011. The expedition GPS confirmed 3,611m. There is a danger of land mines in the area on approach between Hamilton Road and the village of Gundah Zhur. Some fields are marked by red, triangular signs with skull and crossbones. It is possible to find Kurdish military escorts through this area in the town of Choman.</p><br>
<p>A nearby peak called Halgurd, at 36&deg;44&prime;N latitude, 44&deg;52&prime;E longitude, is thought to be 3,607 metres high, and had previously been thought to be Iraq&#39;s highest mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Oroua River is a river of the southwestern North Island of New Zealand. A tributary of the Manawatu River, it flows generally southwestward from its source in the Ruahine Range, passing along the eastern edge of Feilding, and joining the Manawatu River between Palmerston North and Shannon.It is fed by local streams & rivers such as the Makino River, which starts in the NW of the district and follows a meandering course through farmland, and then bisects the town of Feilding from the NW to the SW. The Makino was a major cause in flooding of the town centre in 2004. The Oroua has also been the cause of considerable flooding locally over the years due in part to the flat nature of the terrain, especially where it converges with the Manawatu River.</p><br>
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<p>Mullach nan Coirean is a Scottish mountain situated in the Mamores group of hills. It reaches a height of 939 metres  and is located eight kilometres north-west of Kinlochleven. It is the most westerly of the ten Munros in the Mamores and it is connected to the adjoining mountain of Stob Bàn by a col with a height of 846 metres; these two Munros are often climbed together from Glen Nevis. The mountains name translates from the Gaelic as Summit of the Corries or Top of the Corries and this is quite fitting as Mullach nan Coirean has four corries on its slopes. Mullach can also mean a "roof". However it is unusual that the name does not include reference to the mountains distinct red tinge cause by its red granite rock.</p><br>
<p>Mullach nan Coirean stands in stark contrast to the adjoining Stob Bàn, which is a pointed and light coloured peak, owing to its crown of quartzite. Mullach nan Coirean differs, being a large sprawling mountain of ridges and corries with its granite rock giving the mountain a definite red shade (see picture). The mountain has three north facing corries: the finest of these is Coire Dearg (Red Corrie) which is drained by the Allt a Choire Dheirg into Glen Nevis and is overlooked by Mullach nan Coirean’s South East Top (917 metres) which is listed as a "top" in Munros Tables. The South East Top was previously called "Coire Dearg Top" but was changed to avoid confusion as the main summit also overlooks Coire Dearg. The other two northern corries are smaller: Coire Riabhach also drains to Glen Nevis while Coire a’ Mhuillinn empties further west into the River Kiachnish which delineates the mountains western boundary. A fourth corrie, Coire Carach stands on the mountains southern slopes.</p><br>
<p>Mullach nan Coirean has four ridges radiating from its summit. The eastern ridge links to the adjoining Munro of Stob Bàn which is three kilometres away, whilst the south western ridge links to the subsidiary top of Meall a Chaorainn (910 metres) before descending steeply to the valley of the River Kiachnish. The northern ridge is four kilometres long and has the vitrified fort of Dùn Deardail ("Fort of the Red Eye") near its terminus just before it joins Glen Nevis. The fort is probably named after Deirdre, the princess of Ulster, it is one in a line of vitrified forts that stretches from Craig Phàdraig outside Inverness to the west coast. The north east ridge also descends to Glen Nevis but is much shorter. The mountains lower northern slopes are covered by the coniferous woodland of the Nevis Forest.</p><br>
<p>As already mentioned, Mullach nan Coirean is often ascended in conjunction with the neighbouring Stob Bàn; this walk starts at Achriabhach and climbs Coire a&#39; Mhusgain before crossing Stob Bàn to reach Mullach nan Coirean. A direct ascent of the mountain starts at the same place and goes through the Nevis Forest to reach Mullach nan Coirean’s north east ridge which is ascended to the summit. The top of the mountain is an excellent place to view Loch Linnhe.</p><br>
<p>Gamalama is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire Ternate island in Indonesia. The island lies off the western shore of Halmahera island in the north of the Maluku Islands. For centuries, Ternate was a center of Portuguese and Dutch forts for spice trade, which have accounted for thorough reports of Gamalama&#39;s volcanic activities.</p><br>
<p>An eruption in 1775 caused the deaths of approximately 1300 people.</p><br>
<p>On December 4, 2011 Mount Gamalama erupted, ejecting material up to 2,000 meters into the air. Thousands of residents in nearby Ternate City fled due to ash and dust particles raining down on the town. Finally on December 27 some 4 people died and dozens injured from debris falls (lahar) after a month of activity.</p><br>
<p>More eruptions occurred in September 2012.</p><br>
<p>An eruption on December 18, 2014, deposited five centimeters of ash on the runway of Babullah Airport in Ternate, closing the airport.</p><br>
